Sushruta Samhita

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त एते रसाः स्वयोनिवर्धना, अन्ययोनिप्रशमनाश्च ||६||

sanskrit

These tastes are self-enhancing and pacify the effects of other sources.

english translation

hindi translation

ta ete rasAH svayonivardhanA, anyayoniprazamanAzca ||6||

hk transliteration

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केचिदाहुः- अग्नीषोमीयत्वाज्जगतो रसा द्विविधाः- सौम्या आग्नेयाश्च | मधुरतिक्तकषायाः सौम्याः; कट्वम्ललवणा आग्नेयाः | तत्र मधुराम्ललवणाः स्निग्धा गुरवश्च, कटुतिक्तकषाया रूक्षा लघवश्च; सौम्याः शीताः, आग्नेया उष्णाः ||७||

sanskrit

Some say there are two kinds of tastes due to the dual nature of the world: Saumya (cold) and Agneya (hot). Sweet, bitter, and astringent tastes are Saumya (cold), while pungent, sour, and saline tastes are Agneya (hot). Among them, sweet, sour, and saline tastes are oily and heavy, while pungent, bitter, and astringent tastes are dry and light. Saumya tastes are cold, and Agneya tastes are hot.

english translation

hindi translation

kecidAhuH- agnISomIyatvAjjagato rasA dvividhAH- saumyA AgneyAzca | madhuratiktakaSAyAH saumyAH; kaTvamlalavaNA AgneyAH | tatra madhurAmlalavaNAH snigdhA guravazca, kaTutiktakaSAyA rUkSA laghavazca; saumyAH zItAH, AgneyA uSNAH ||7||

hk transliteration

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तत्र शैत्यरौक्ष्यलाघववैशद्यवैष्टम्भ्यगुणलक्षणो वायुः, तस्य समानयोनिः कषायो रसः; सोऽस्य शैत्याच्छैत्यं वर्धयति, रौक्ष्याद्रौक्ष्यं, लाघवाल्लाघवं, वैशद्याद्वैशद्यं, वैष्टम्भ्याद्वैष्टम्भ्यमिति; (१) | औष्ण्यतैक्ष्ण्यरौक्ष्यलाघववैशद्यगुणलक्षणं पित्तं, तस्य समानयोनिः कटुको रसः; सोऽस्य औष्ण्यादौष्ण्यं वर्धयति, तैक्ष्ण्यात्तैक्ष्ण्यं, रौक्ष्याद्रौक्ष्यं, लाघवाल्लाघवं, वैशद्याद्वैशद्यमिति(२) | माधुर्यस्नेहगौरवशैत्यपैच्छिल्यगुणलक्षणः श्लेष्मा; तस्य समानयोनिर्मधुरो रसः, सोऽस्य माधुर्यान्माधुर्यं वर्धयति, स्नेहात् स्नेहं, गौरवाद्गौरवं, शैत्याच्छैत्यं, पैच्छिल्यात्पैच्छिल्यमिति (३) | तस्य पुनरन्ययोनिः कटुको रसः; स श्लेष्मणः प्रत्यनीकत्वात् कटुकत्वान्माधुर्यमभिभवति, रौक्ष्यात् स्नेहं, लाघवाद्गौरवम्, औष्ण्याच्छैत्यं, वैशद्यात् पैच्छिल्यमिति | तदेतन्निदर्शनमात्रमुक्तं भवति (४) ||८||

sanskrit

In this context, the qualities of coldness, roughness, lightness, non-oiliness, and obstruction are characteristic of Vayu (air). The Kashaya (astringent) taste, which is of the same origin as Vayu, increases coldness, roughness, lightness, non-oiliness, and obstruction. (1) Pitta (bile) is characterized by warmth, sharpness, roughness, lightness, non-oiliness, and obstruction. The Katuka (bitter) taste, which has the same origin as Pitta, increases warmth, sharpness, roughness, lightness, and non-oiliness. (2) Kapha (phlegm) is characterized by sweetness, oiliness, heaviness, coldness, and smoothness. The Madhura (sweet) taste, which has the same origin as Kapha, increases sweetness, oiliness, heaviness, coldness, and smoothness. (3) However, the Katuka (bitter) taste, with a different origin, counteracts Kapha, resulting in predominance of bitterness over sweetness, and changes roughness to oiliness, heaviness to lightness, warmth to coldness, and smoothness to non-smoothness. This is a mere illustration. (4)

english translation

hindi translation

tatra zaityaraukSyalAghavavaizadyavaiSTambhyaguNalakSaNo vAyuH, tasya samAnayoniH kaSAyo rasaH; so'sya zaityAcchaityaM vardhayati, raukSyAdraukSyaM, lAghavAllAghavaM, vaizadyAdvaizadyaM, vaiSTambhyAdvaiSTambhyamiti; (1) | auSNyataikSNyaraukSyalAghavavaizadyaguNalakSaNaM pittaM, tasya samAnayoniH kaTuko rasaH; so'sya auSNyAdauSNyaM vardhayati, taikSNyAttaikSNyaM, raukSyAdraukSyaM, lAghavAllAghavaM, vaizadyAdvaizadyamiti(2) | mAdhuryasnehagauravazaityapaicchilyaguNalakSaNaH zleSmA; tasya samAnayonirmadhuro rasaH, so'sya mAdhuryAnmAdhuryaM vardhayati, snehAt snehaM, gauravAdgauravaM, zaityAcchaityaM, paicchilyAtpaicchilyamiti (3) | tasya punaranyayoniH kaTuko rasaH; sa zleSmaNaH pratyanIkatvAt kaTukatvAnmAdhuryamabhibhavati, raukSyAt snehaM, lAghavAdgauravam, auSNyAcchaityaM, vaizadyAt paicchilyamiti | tadetannidarzanamAtramuktaM bhavati (4) ||8||

hk transliteration

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रसलक्षणमत ऊर्ध्वं वक्ष्यामः- तत्र, यः परितोषमुत्पादयति प्रह्लादयति तर्पयति जीवयति मुखोपलेपं जनयति श्लेष्माणं चाभिवर्धयति स मधुरः; यो दन्तहर्षमुत्पादयति मुखास्रावं जनयति श्रद्धां चोत्पादयति सोऽम्लः; यो भक्तरुचिमुत्पादयति कफप्रसेकं जनयति मार्दवं चापादयति स लवणः; यो जिह्वाग्रं बाधते उद्वेगं जनयति शिरो गृह्णीते नासिकां स्रावयति स कटुकः; यो गले चोषमुत्पादयति मुखवैशद्यं जनयति भक्तरुचिं चापादयति हर्षं च स तिक्तः; यो वक्त्रं परिशोषयति जिह्वां स्तम्भयति कण्ठं बध्नाति हृदयं कर्षति पीडयति च स कषाय इति ||९||

sanskrit

Now, I will describe the characteristics of different tastes. The Madhura (sweet) taste is one that produces satisfaction, delight, nourishment, vitality, and a coating on the mouth, and also increases Kapha (phlegm). The Amla (sour) taste produces dental pleasure, causes salivation in the mouth, and induces faith. The Lavana (salty) taste increases appetite, induces secretion of Kapha, and brings about softness. The Katuka (bitter) taste causes irritation on the tip of the tongue, produces distress, makes the head feel heavy, and causes nasal discharge. The Tikta (bitter) taste causes dryness in the throat, induces a coating in the mouth, increases appetite, and brings about joy. The Kashaya (astringent) taste dries the mouth, causes the tongue to become numb, binds the throat, depletes the heart, and causes discomfort.

english translation

hindi translation

rasalakSaNamata UrdhvaM vakSyAmaH- tatra, yaH paritoSamutpAdayati prahlAdayati tarpayati jIvayati mukhopalepaM janayati zleSmANaM cAbhivardhayati sa madhuraH; yo dantaharSamutpAdayati mukhAsrAvaM janayati zraddhAM cotpAdayati so'mlaH; yo bhaktarucimutpAdayati kaphaprasekaM janayati mArdavaM cApAdayati sa lavaNaH; yo jihvAgraM bAdhate udvegaM janayati ziro gRhNIte nAsikAM srAvayati sa kaTukaH; yo gale coSamutpAdayati mukhavaizadyaM janayati bhaktaruciM cApAdayati harSaM ca sa tiktaH; yo vaktraM parizoSayati jihvAM stambhayati kaNThaM badhnAti hRdayaM karSati pIDayati ca sa kaSAya iti ||9||

hk transliteration

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रसगुणानत ऊर्ध्वं वक्ष्यामः- तत्र, मधुरो रसो रसरक्तमांसमेदोऽस्थिमज्जौजःशुक्रस्तन्यवर्धनश्चक्षुष्यः केश्यो वर्ण्यो बलकृत्सन्धानः शोणितरसप्रसादनो बालवृद्धक्षतक्षीणहितः षट्पदपिपीलिकानामिष्टतमस्तृष्णामूर्च्छादाहप्रशमनः षडिन्द्रियप्रसादनः कृमिकफकरश्चेति; स एवङ्गुणोऽप्येक एवात्यर्थमासेव्यमानः कासश्वासालसकवमथुवदनमाधुर्यस्वरोपघातकृमिगलगण्डानापादयति तथाऽर्बुदश्लीपदबस्तिगुदोपलेपाभिष्यन्दप्रभृतीञ्जनयति(१) | अम्लो जरणः पाचनो दीपनः पवननिग्रहणोऽनुलोमनः कोष्ठविदाही बहिःशीतः [६] क्लेदनः प्रायशो ह्यद्यश्चेति; स एवङ्गुणोऽप्येक एवात्यर्थमुपसेव्यमानो दन्तहर्षनयनसम्मीलनरोमसंवेजनकफविलयनशरीरशैथिल्यान्यापादयति, तथा क्षताभिहतदग्धदष्टभग्नरुग्णशूनप्रच्युतावमूत्रितविसर्पितच्छिन्नभिन्नविद्धोत्पिष्टादीनि पाचयत्याग्नेयस्वभावात् परिदहति कण्ठमुरो हृदयं चेति(२) | लवणः संशोधनः पाचनो विश्लेषणः क्लेदनः शैथिल्यकृदुष्णः सर्वरसप्रत्यनीको मार्गविशोधनः सर्वशरीरावयवमार्दवकरश्चेति; स एवङ्गुणोऽप्येक एवात्यर्थमासेव्यमानो गात्रकण्डूकोठशोफवैवर्ण्यपुंस्त्वोपघातेन्द्रियोपतापमुखाक्षिपाकरक्तपित्तवातशोणिताम्लीकाप्रभृतीनापादयति(३) | कटुको दीपनः पाचनो रोचनः शोधनः स्थौल्यालस्यकफकृमिविषकुष्ठकण्डूप्रशमनः सन्धिबन्धविच्छेदनोऽवसादनः स्तन्यशुक्रमेदसामुपहन्ता चेति; स एवङ्गुणोऽप्येक एवात्यर्थमुपसेव्यमानो भ्रममदगलताल्वोष्ठशोषदाहसन्तापबलविघातकम्पतोदभेदकृत् करचरणपार्श्वपृष्ठप्रभृतिषु च वातशूलानापादयति(४) | तिक्तश्छेदनो रोचनो दीपनः शोधनः कण्डूकोठतृष्णामूर्च्छाज्वरप्रशमनः स्तन्यशोधनो विण्मूत्रक्लेदमेदोवसापूयोपशोषणश्चेति; स एवङ्गुणोऽप्येक एवात्यर्थमुपसेव्यमानो गात्रमन्यास्तम्भाक्षेपकार्दितशिरःशूलभ्रमतोदभेदच्छेदास्यवैरस्यान्यापादयति(५) | कषायः सङ्ग्राहको रोपणः स्तम्भनः शोधनो लेखनः शोषणः पीडनः क्लेदोपशोषणश्चेति; स एवङ्गुणोऽप्येक एवात्यर्थमुपसेव्यमानो हृत्पीडास्यशोषोदराध्मानवाक्यग्रहमन्यास्तम्भ- गात्रस्फुरणचुमुचुमायनाकुञ्चनाक्षेपणप्रभृतीञ्जनयति ||१०||

sanskrit

Now, I will describe the qualities of the tastes. The Madhura (sweet) taste increases the body’s fluids, tissues, and reproductive substances like blood, fat, bone marrow, semen, and milk. It nourishes, strengthens, and rejuvenates the body, improves vitality, and is beneficial for children and the elderly. It alleviates thirst, faintness, fever, and enhances the body's vitality. When excessively used, it can cause cough, asthma, laziness, and chronic diseases like tumors and ulcers. The Amla (sour) taste aids digestion, stimulates appetite, and balances the digestive fire. It alleviates indigestion, aids in digestion, and balances the air (Vata) and digestive fire (Agni). It also alleviates excess bile and cold, and induces perspiration. When used excessively, it causes dental pleasure, eye irritation, and skin rashes, and can lead to respiratory issues and other conditions related to fire imbalance. The Lavana (salty) taste is purifying, promotes digestion, and relieves thirst. It balances all tastes, promotes fluid retention, and softens the body. Excessive use can cause itching, swelling, and discoloration, and may lead to imbalances in bodily fluids and other disturbances. The Katuka (bitter) taste stimulates digestion, promotes appetite, and cleanses the body. It alleviates heaviness, lethargy, and various ailments. Excessive use can lead to dryness, discomfort, and other disturbances in the body, such as joint pain and skin conditions. The Tikta (bitter) taste cleanses the body, promotes appetite, and alleviates thirst. It has a drying effect and balances various bodily fluids. Excessive use may cause discomfort, irritability, and other issues like headaches and body stiffness. The Kashaya (astringent) taste is drying, binding, and reduces excess fluids. It strengthens the body, alleviates pain, and improves overall stability. Excessive use can lead to various issues like dryness, stiffness, and discomfort in the body.

english translation

hindi translation

rasaguNAnata UrdhvaM vakSyAmaH- tatra, madhuro raso rasaraktamAMsamedo'sthimajjaujaHzukrastanyavardhanazcakSuSyaH kezyo varNyo balakRtsandhAnaH zoNitarasaprasAdano bAlavRddhakSatakSINahitaH SaTpadapipIlikAnAmiSTatamastRSNAmUrcchAdAhaprazamanaH SaDindriyaprasAdanaH kRmikaphakarazceti; sa evaGguNo'pyeka evAtyarthamAsevyamAnaH kAsazvAsAlasakavamathuvadanamAdhuryasvaropaghAtakRmigalagaNDAnApAdayati tathA'rbudazlIpadabastigudopalepAbhiSyandaprabhRtIJjanayati(1) | amlo jaraNaH pAcano dIpanaH pavananigrahaNo'nulomanaH koSThavidAhI bahiHzItaH [6] kledanaH prAyazo hyadyazceti; sa evaGguNo'pyeka evAtyarthamupasevyamAno dantaharSanayanasammIlanaromasaMvejanakaphavilayanazarIrazaithilyAnyApAdayati, tathA kSatAbhihatadagdhadaSTabhagnarugNazUnapracyutAvamUtritavisarpitacchinnabhinnaviddhotpiSTAdIni pAcayatyAgneyasvabhAvAt paridahati kaNThamuro hRdayaM ceti(2) | lavaNaH saMzodhanaH pAcano vizleSaNaH kledanaH zaithilyakRduSNaH sarvarasapratyanIko mArgavizodhanaH sarvazarIrAvayavamArdavakarazceti; sa evaGguNo'pyeka evAtyarthamAsevyamAno gAtrakaNDUkoThazophavaivarNyapuMstvopaghAtendriyopatApamukhAkSipAkaraktapittavAtazoNitAmlIkAprabhRtInApAdayati(3) | kaTuko dIpanaH pAcano rocanaH zodhanaH sthaulyAlasyakaphakRmiviSakuSThakaNDUprazamanaH sandhibandhavicchedano'vasAdanaH stanyazukramedasAmupahantA ceti; sa evaGguNo'pyeka evAtyarthamupasevyamAno bhramamadagalatAlvoSThazoSadAhasantApabalavighAtakampatodabhedakRt karacaraNapArzvapRSThaprabhRtiSu ca vAtazUlAnApAdayati(4) | tiktazchedano rocano dIpanaH zodhanaH kaNDUkoThatRSNAmUrcchAjvaraprazamanaH stanyazodhano viNmUtrakledamedovasApUyopazoSaNazceti; sa evaGguNo'pyeka evAtyarthamupasevyamAno gAtramanyAstambhAkSepakArditaziraHzUlabhramatodabhedacchedAsyavairasyAnyApAdayati(5) | kaSAyaH saGgrAhako ropaNaH stambhanaH zodhano lekhanaH zoSaNaH pIDanaH kledopazoSaNazceti; sa evaGguNo'pyeka evAtyarthamupasevyamAno hRtpIDAsyazoSodarAdhmAnavAkyagrahamanyAstambha- gAtrasphuraNacumucumAyanAkuJcanAkSepaNaprabhRtIJjanayati ||10||

hk transliteration

Chapter 42

Verses 11-15