Natyashastra

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/6

एवं ते विभावानुभावसंयुक्ता भावा इति व्याख्याताः । अतो ह्येषां भावानां सिद्धिर्भवति । तस्मादेषां भावानां विभावानुभावसंयुक्तानां लक्षणनिदर्शनान्यभिव्याख्यास्यामः । तत्र विभावानुभावौ लोकप्रसिद्धौ । लोकस्वभावानुगतत्वाच्च तयोर्लक्षणं नोच्यतेऽतिप्रसङ्गनिवृत्यर्थम् । भवति चात्र श्लोकः - लोकस्वभावसंसिद्धा लोकयात्रानुगामिनः । अनुभावा विभावाश्च ज्ञेयास्त्वभिनये बुधैः ॥ ६॥

sanskrit

Now we have explained that the Psychological States are related to Determinants and Consequents. Thus are Psychological States created. Hence we shall discuss the definitions and examples of the Psychological States together with their Determinants and Consequents. Of these, the Determinants and the Consequents are well-known among the people. They being connected with the human nature, their definitions are not discussed. This is for avoiding prolixity. On this point there is the Śloka: 6. Determinants and Consequents are known by the wise to be things which are created by human nature and are in accordance with the ways of human nature and with the ways of the world.

english translation

evaM te vibhAvAnubhAvasaMyuktA bhAvA iti vyAkhyAtAH | ato hyeSAM bhAvAnAM siddhirbhavati | tasmAdeSAM bhAvAnAM vibhAvAnubhAvasaMyuktAnAM lakSaNanidarzanAnyabhivyAkhyAsyAmaH | tatra vibhAvAnubhAvau lokaprasiddhau | lokasvabhAvAnugatatvAcca tayorlakSaNaM nocyate'tiprasaGganivRtyartham | bhavati cAtra zlokaH - lokasvabhAvasaMsiddhA lokayAtrAnugAminaH | anubhAvA vibhAvAzca jJeyAstvabhinaye budhaiH || 6||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/7

तत्राष्टौ भावाः स्थायिनः । त्रयस्त्रिंशद्व्यभिचारिणः । अष्टौ सात्विका इति भेदाः । एवमेते काव्यरसाभिव्यक्तिहेतव एकोनपञ्चाशद्भावाः प्रत्यवगन्तव्याः । एभ्यश्च सामान्यगुणयोगेन रसा निष्पद्यन्ते । अत्र श्लोकः- योऽर्थो हृदयसंवादी तस्य भावो रसोद्भवः । शरीरं व्याप्यते तेन शुष्कं काष्ठमिवाग्निना ॥ ७॥

sanskrit

Now the the Durable Psychological States are eight in number. The Complementary Psychological States are thirty-three and the Sāttvika States are eight in number. These are the three varieties of the Psychological States. Hence we are to understand that there are forty-nine Psychogical States capable of drawing out the Sentiment from the play, The Sentiments arise from them when they are imbued with the quality of universality (sāmānya, lit. commonness). On this point there is a Śloka: 7. The Psychological State proceeding from the thing which is congenial to the heart, is the source of the Sentiment and it pervades the body just as fire spreads over dry wood.

english translation

tatrASTau bhAvAH sthAyinaH | trayastriMzadvyabhicAriNaH | aSTau sAtvikA iti bhedAH | evamete kAvyarasAbhivyaktihetava ekonapaJcAzadbhAvAH pratyavagantavyAH | ebhyazca sAmAnyaguNayogena rasA niSpadyante | atra zlokaH- yo'rtho hRdayasaMvAdI tasya bhAvo rasodbhavaH | zarIraM vyApyate tena zuSkaM kASThamivAgninA || 7||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/8

अत्राह- यदि काव्यार्थसंश्रितैर्विभावानुभावव्यञ्जितैरेकोनपञ्चाशद्भावैः सामान्यगुणयोगेनाभिनिष्पद्यन्ते रसास्तत्कथं स्थायिन एव भावा रसत्वमाप्नुअवन्ति । उच्यते- यथा हि समानलक्षणास्तुल्यपाणिपादोदरशरीराः समानाङ्गप्रत्यङ्गा अपि पुरुषाः कुलशीलविद्याकर्मशिल्पविचक्षणत्वाद्राज- त्वमाप्नुवन्ति तत्रैव चान्येऽल्पबुद्धयस्तेषामेवानुचरा भवन्ति तथा विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिणः स्थायिभावानुपाश्रिता भवन्ति । बह्वाश्रयत्वास्वामिभूताः स्थायिनो भावाः । तद्वत्स्थानीयपुरुषगुणभूता अन्ये भावास्तान्गुणतया श्रयन्ते । स्थायिभावा रसत्वमाप्नुवन्ति । परिजनभूता व्यभिचारिणो भावाः । अत्राह- को दृष्टान्त इति । यथा नरेन्द्रो बहुजनपरिवारोऽपि स एव नाम लभते नान्यः सुमहानपि पुरुषः तथा विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिपरिवृतः स्थायी भावो रसनाम लभते । भवति चात्र श्लोकः - यथा नराणां नृपतिः शिष्याणां च यथा गुरुः । एवं हि सर्वभावानां भावः स्थायि महानिह ॥ ८॥

sanskrit

It is said in this connexion: “If the forty-nine Psychological States being represented by Determinants and Consequents coming into contact with one another become Sentiments when they are imbued with the quality of universality, how is it that Durable Psychological States only are changed into Sentiments [and not others]?, [In reply to this] it is said: “Just as among persons having same characteristics and similar hands, feet and belly and celebrity, some due to their birth, manners, learning and skill in arts and crafts, attain kingship, while others endowed with an inferior intellect become their attendants, in a similar manner, Determinants, Consequents and Complementary Psychological States become dependent on the Durable Psychological States. Being the shelter [of others] the Durable Psychological States become masters. Similarly other Psychological States (lit. feelings) reduced to subordination take sheter (shelter?) with them (i.e. the Durable Psychological States) due to superior merit [of the latter]. Those becoming their retinue are the Complementary Psychological States. “Is there any parallel instance?” [Answer.] “Just as only a king surrounded by numerous attendants receives this epithet and not any other man be he ever so great, so the Durable Psychological States only followed by Determinants, Consequents and Complimentary Psychological States, receive the name of Sentiment. [On the point] there is a traditional Sloka: 8. Just as a king is superior to other men, and the preceptor is superior to his disciples, so the Durable Psychological States are superior to the other Psychological States.

english translation

atrAha- yadi kAvyArthasaMzritairvibhAvAnubhAvavyaJjitairekonapaJcAzadbhAvaiH sAmAnyaguNayogenAbhiniSpadyante rasAstatkathaM sthAyina eva bhAvA rasatvamApnuavanti | ucyate- yathA hi samAnalakSaNAstulyapANipAdodarazarIrAH samAnAGgapratyaGgA api puruSAH kulazIlavidyAkarmazilpavicakSaNatvAdrAja- tvamApnuvanti tatraiva cAnye'lpabuddhayasteSAmevAnucarA bhavanti tathA vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicAriNaH sthAyibhAvAnupAzritA bhavanti | bahvAzrayatvAsvAmibhUtAH sthAyino bhAvAH | tadvatsthAnIyapuruSaguNabhUtA anye bhAvAstAnguNatayA zrayante | sthAyibhAvA rasatvamApnuvanti | parijanabhUtA vyabhicAriNo bhAvAH | atrAha- ko dRSTAnta iti | yathA narendro bahujanaparivAro'pi sa eva nAma labhate nAnyaH sumahAnapi puruSaH tathA vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicAriparivRtaH sthAyI bhAvo rasanAma labhate | bhavati cAtra zlokaH - yathA narANAM nRpatiH ziSyANAM ca yathA guruH | evaM hi sarvabhAvAnAM bhAvaH sthAyi mahAniha || 8||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/9

लक्षणं खलु पूर्वमभिहितमेषां रससंज्ञकानाम् । इदानीं भावसामान्यलक्षणमभिधास्यामः । तत्र स्थायिभावान्वक्ष्यामः। रतिर्नाम प्रमोदात्मिका ऋतुमाल्यानुलेपनाभरणभोजनवरभवनानुभवना- प्रातिकूल्यादिभिर्विभावैः समुत्पद्यते । तामभिनयेत्स्मितवदनमधुरकथन- भ्रूक्षेपकटाक्षादिभिरनुभावैः । अत्र श्लोकः - इष्टार्थविषयप्राप्त्या रतिरित्युपजायते । सौम्यत्वादभिनेया सा वाङ्माधुर्याङ्गचेष्टितैः ॥ ९॥

sanskrit

Love (rati) which has pleasure as its basis, is caused by Determinants like seasons, garlands, unguent, ornaments, dear ones, enjoyment of a superior residential house, and absence of opposition [from any one]. It is to be represented on the stage by Consequents such as a smiling face, sweet words, motion of eyebrows, and glances and the like. There is a Śloka [on this point]: 9. Love arises from the attainment of desired objects. Because of its agreeableness, it is to be represented on the stage by sweet words accompanied by [suitable] gestures and movements of limbs.

english translation

lakSaNaM khalu pUrvamabhihitameSAM rasasaMjJakAnAm | idAnIM bhAvasAmAnyalakSaNamabhidhAsyAmaH | tatra sthAyibhAvAnvakSyAmaH| ratirnAma pramodAtmikA RtumAlyAnulepanAbharaNabhojanavarabhavanAnubhavanA- prAtikUlyAdibhirvibhAvaiH samutpadyate | tAmabhinayetsmitavadanamadhurakathana- bhrUkSepakaTAkSAdibhiranubhAvaiH | atra zlokaH - iSTArthaviSayaprAptyA ratirityupajAyate | saumyatvAdabhineyA sA vAGmAdhuryAGgaceSTitaiH || 9||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/10

हासो नाम परचेष्टानुकरणकुहकासम्बद्धप्रलापपौरोभाग्यमौर्ख्यादिभिर्विभावैः समुत्पद्यते । तमभिनयेत्पूर्वोक्तैर्हसितादिभिरनुभावैः । भवति चात्र श्लोकः - परचेष्टानुकरणाद्धासः समुपजायते । स्मितहासातिहसितैरभिनेयः स पण्डितैः ॥ १०॥

sanskrit

Now, Laughter (hāsya) is caused by Determinants such as mimicry of others’ actions, incoherent talk, obtrusiveness, foolishness and the like. It is to be represented on the stage by means of Smile and the like. On this point there is a traditional Śloka: 10. Laughter arises from a mimicry of other people’s actions. It is to be represented on the stage by the learned with Smile, Laughter and Excessive Laughter.

english translation

hAso nAma paraceSTAnukaraNakuhakAsambaddhapralApapaurobhAgyamaurkhyAdibhirvibhAvaiH samutpadyate | tamabhinayetpUrvoktairhasitAdibhiranubhAvaiH | bhavati cAtra zlokaH - paraceSTAnukaraNAddhAsaH samupajAyate | smitahAsAtihasitairabhineyaH sa paNDitaiH || 10||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/6

एवं ते विभावानुभावसंयुक्ता भावा इति व्याख्याताः । अतो ह्येषां भावानां सिद्धिर्भवति । तस्मादेषां भावानां विभावानुभावसंयुक्तानां लक्षणनिदर्शनान्यभिव्याख्यास्यामः । तत्र विभावानुभावौ लोकप्रसिद्धौ । लोकस्वभावानुगतत्वाच्च तयोर्लक्षणं नोच्यतेऽतिप्रसङ्गनिवृत्यर्थम् । भवति चात्र श्लोकः - लोकस्वभावसंसिद्धा लोकयात्रानुगामिनः । अनुभावा विभावाश्च ज्ञेयास्त्वभिनये बुधैः ॥ ६॥

sanskrit

Now we have explained that the Psychological States are related to Determinants and Consequents. Thus are Psychological States created. Hence we shall discuss the definitions and examples of the Psychological States together with their Determinants and Consequents. Of these, the Determinants and the Consequents are well-known among the people. They being connected with the human nature, their definitions are not discussed. This is for avoiding prolixity. On this point there is the Śloka: 6. Determinants and Consequents are known by the wise to be things which are created by human nature and are in accordance with the ways of human nature and with the ways of the world.

english translation

evaM te vibhAvAnubhAvasaMyuktA bhAvA iti vyAkhyAtAH | ato hyeSAM bhAvAnAM siddhirbhavati | tasmAdeSAM bhAvAnAM vibhAvAnubhAvasaMyuktAnAM lakSaNanidarzanAnyabhivyAkhyAsyAmaH | tatra vibhAvAnubhAvau lokaprasiddhau | lokasvabhAvAnugatatvAcca tayorlakSaNaM nocyate'tiprasaGganivRtyartham | bhavati cAtra zlokaH - lokasvabhAvasaMsiddhA lokayAtrAnugAminaH | anubhAvA vibhAvAzca jJeyAstvabhinaye budhaiH || 6||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/7

तत्राष्टौ भावाः स्थायिनः । त्रयस्त्रिंशद्व्यभिचारिणः । अष्टौ सात्विका इति भेदाः । एवमेते काव्यरसाभिव्यक्तिहेतव एकोनपञ्चाशद्भावाः प्रत्यवगन्तव्याः । एभ्यश्च सामान्यगुणयोगेन रसा निष्पद्यन्ते । अत्र श्लोकः- योऽर्थो हृदयसंवादी तस्य भावो रसोद्भवः । शरीरं व्याप्यते तेन शुष्कं काष्ठमिवाग्निना ॥ ७॥

sanskrit

Now the the Durable Psychological States are eight in number. The Complementary Psychological States are thirty-three and the Sāttvika States are eight in number. These are the three varieties of the Psychological States. Hence we are to understand that there are forty-nine Psychogical States capable of drawing out the Sentiment from the play, The Sentiments arise from them when they are imbued with the quality of universality (sāmānya, lit. commonness). On this point there is a Śloka: 7. The Psychological State proceeding from the thing which is congenial to the heart, is the source of the Sentiment and it pervades the body just as fire spreads over dry wood.

english translation

tatrASTau bhAvAH sthAyinaH | trayastriMzadvyabhicAriNaH | aSTau sAtvikA iti bhedAH | evamete kAvyarasAbhivyaktihetava ekonapaJcAzadbhAvAH pratyavagantavyAH | ebhyazca sAmAnyaguNayogena rasA niSpadyante | atra zlokaH- yo'rtho hRdayasaMvAdI tasya bhAvo rasodbhavaH | zarIraM vyApyate tena zuSkaM kASThamivAgninA || 7||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/8

अत्राह- यदि काव्यार्थसंश्रितैर्विभावानुभावव्यञ्जितैरेकोनपञ्चाशद्भावैः सामान्यगुणयोगेनाभिनिष्पद्यन्ते रसास्तत्कथं स्थायिन एव भावा रसत्वमाप्नुअवन्ति । उच्यते- यथा हि समानलक्षणास्तुल्यपाणिपादोदरशरीराः समानाङ्गप्रत्यङ्गा अपि पुरुषाः कुलशीलविद्याकर्मशिल्पविचक्षणत्वाद्राज- त्वमाप्नुवन्ति तत्रैव चान्येऽल्पबुद्धयस्तेषामेवानुचरा भवन्ति तथा विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिणः स्थायिभावानुपाश्रिता भवन्ति । बह्वाश्रयत्वास्वामिभूताः स्थायिनो भावाः । तद्वत्स्थानीयपुरुषगुणभूता अन्ये भावास्तान्गुणतया श्रयन्ते । स्थायिभावा रसत्वमाप्नुवन्ति । परिजनभूता व्यभिचारिणो भावाः । अत्राह- को दृष्टान्त इति । यथा नरेन्द्रो बहुजनपरिवारोऽपि स एव नाम लभते नान्यः सुमहानपि पुरुषः तथा विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिपरिवृतः स्थायी भावो रसनाम लभते । भवति चात्र श्लोकः - यथा नराणां नृपतिः शिष्याणां च यथा गुरुः । एवं हि सर्वभावानां भावः स्थायि महानिह ॥ ८॥

sanskrit

It is said in this connexion: “If the forty-nine Psychological States being represented by Determinants and Consequents coming into contact with one another become Sentiments when they are imbued with the quality of universality, how is it that Durable Psychological States only are changed into Sentiments [and not others]?, [In reply to this] it is said: “Just as among persons having same characteristics and similar hands, feet and belly and celebrity, some due to their birth, manners, learning and skill in arts and crafts, attain kingship, while others endowed with an inferior intellect become their attendants, in a similar manner, Determinants, Consequents and Complementary Psychological States become dependent on the Durable Psychological States. Being the shelter [of others] the Durable Psychological States become masters. Similarly other Psychological States (lit. feelings) reduced to subordination take sheter (shelter?) with them (i.e. the Durable Psychological States) due to superior merit [of the latter]. Those becoming their retinue are the Complementary Psychological States. “Is there any parallel instance?” [Answer.] “Just as only a king surrounded by numerous attendants receives this epithet and not any other man be he ever so great, so the Durable Psychological States only followed by Determinants, Consequents and Complimentary Psychological States, receive the name of Sentiment. [On the point] there is a traditional Sloka: 8. Just as a king is superior to other men, and the preceptor is superior to his disciples, so the Durable Psychological States are superior to the other Psychological States.

english translation

atrAha- yadi kAvyArthasaMzritairvibhAvAnubhAvavyaJjitairekonapaJcAzadbhAvaiH sAmAnyaguNayogenAbhiniSpadyante rasAstatkathaM sthAyina eva bhAvA rasatvamApnuavanti | ucyate- yathA hi samAnalakSaNAstulyapANipAdodarazarIrAH samAnAGgapratyaGgA api puruSAH kulazIlavidyAkarmazilpavicakSaNatvAdrAja- tvamApnuvanti tatraiva cAnye'lpabuddhayasteSAmevAnucarA bhavanti tathA vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicAriNaH sthAyibhAvAnupAzritA bhavanti | bahvAzrayatvAsvAmibhUtAH sthAyino bhAvAH | tadvatsthAnIyapuruSaguNabhUtA anye bhAvAstAnguNatayA zrayante | sthAyibhAvA rasatvamApnuvanti | parijanabhUtA vyabhicAriNo bhAvAH | atrAha- ko dRSTAnta iti | yathA narendro bahujanaparivAro'pi sa eva nAma labhate nAnyaH sumahAnapi puruSaH tathA vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicAriparivRtaH sthAyI bhAvo rasanAma labhate | bhavati cAtra zlokaH - yathA narANAM nRpatiH ziSyANAM ca yathA guruH | evaM hi sarvabhAvAnAM bhAvaH sthAyi mahAniha || 8||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/9

लक्षणं खलु पूर्वमभिहितमेषां रससंज्ञकानाम् । इदानीं भावसामान्यलक्षणमभिधास्यामः । तत्र स्थायिभावान्वक्ष्यामः। रतिर्नाम प्रमोदात्मिका ऋतुमाल्यानुलेपनाभरणभोजनवरभवनानुभवना- प्रातिकूल्यादिभिर्विभावैः समुत्पद्यते । तामभिनयेत्स्मितवदनमधुरकथन- भ्रूक्षेपकटाक्षादिभिरनुभावैः । अत्र श्लोकः - इष्टार्थविषयप्राप्त्या रतिरित्युपजायते । सौम्यत्वादभिनेया सा वाङ्माधुर्याङ्गचेष्टितैः ॥ ९॥

sanskrit

Love (rati) which has pleasure as its basis, is caused by Determinants like seasons, garlands, unguent, ornaments, dear ones, enjoyment of a superior residential house, and absence of opposition [from any one]. It is to be represented on the stage by Consequents such as a smiling face, sweet words, motion of eyebrows, and glances and the like. There is a Śloka [on this point]: 9. Love arises from the attainment of desired objects. Because of its agreeableness, it is to be represented on the stage by sweet words accompanied by [suitable] gestures and movements of limbs.

english translation

lakSaNaM khalu pUrvamabhihitameSAM rasasaMjJakAnAm | idAnIM bhAvasAmAnyalakSaNamabhidhAsyAmaH | tatra sthAyibhAvAnvakSyAmaH| ratirnAma pramodAtmikA RtumAlyAnulepanAbharaNabhojanavarabhavanAnubhavanA- prAtikUlyAdibhirvibhAvaiH samutpadyate | tAmabhinayetsmitavadanamadhurakathana- bhrUkSepakaTAkSAdibhiranubhAvaiH | atra zlokaH - iSTArthaviSayaprAptyA ratirityupajAyate | saumyatvAdabhineyA sA vAGmAdhuryAGgaceSTitaiH || 9||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/7/10

हासो नाम परचेष्टानुकरणकुहकासम्बद्धप्रलापपौरोभाग्यमौर्ख्यादिभिर्विभावैः समुत्पद्यते । तमभिनयेत्पूर्वोक्तैर्हसितादिभिरनुभावैः । भवति चात्र श्लोकः - परचेष्टानुकरणाद्धासः समुपजायते । स्मितहासातिहसितैरभिनेयः स पण्डितैः ॥ १०॥

sanskrit

Now, Laughter (hāsya) is caused by Determinants such as mimicry of others’ actions, incoherent talk, obtrusiveness, foolishness and the like. It is to be represented on the stage by means of Smile and the like. On this point there is a traditional Śloka: 10. Laughter arises from a mimicry of other people’s actions. It is to be represented on the stage by the learned with Smile, Laughter and Excessive Laughter.

english translation

hAso nAma paraceSTAnukaraNakuhakAsambaddhapralApapaurobhAgyamaurkhyAdibhirvibhAvaiH samutpadyate | tamabhinayetpUrvoktairhasitAdibhiranubhAvaiH | bhavati cAtra zlokaH - paraceSTAnukaraNAddhAsaH samupajAyate | smitahAsAtihasitairabhineyaH sa paNDitaiH || 10||

hk transliteration