Sushruta Samhita

siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/6/6

तत्र माघादयो द्वादश मासाः, द्विमासिकमृतुं कृत्वा षडृतवो भवन्ति; ते शिशिरवसन्तग्रीष्मवर्षाशरद्धेमन्ताः | तेषां तपस्तपस्यौ शिशिरः, मधुमाधवौ वसन्तः, शुचिशुक्रौ ग्रीष्मः, नभोनभस्यौ वर्षाः, इषोर्जौ शरत्, सहःसहस्यौ हेमन्त इति ||६||

In the system of time measurement, there are twelve months, including Māgha (Maghā). Considering two months as one season, this results in six distinct seasons (ṛtus). These seasons are: Shishira (Winter), which is characterized by cold and austerity. Vasanta (Spring), known for its sweetness and renewal. Grīṣma (Summer), associated with warmth. Varṣa (Rainy season), marked by rainfall. Śarada (Autumn), representing the transition from rain to dry weather. Hemanta (Pre-winter), which leads into the cold of winter. Each season is defined by its specific qualities and effects on the environment and human activity.

english translation

tatra mAghAdayo dvAdaza mAsAH, dvimAsikamRtuM kRtvA SaDRtavo bhavanti; te ziziravasantagrISmavarSAzaraddhemantAH | teSAM tapastapasyau ziziraH, madhumAdhavau vasantaH, zucizukrau grISmaH, nabhonabhasyau varSAH, iSorjau zarat, sahaHsahasyau hemanta iti ||6||

siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/6/7

त एते शीतोष्णवर्षलक्षणाश्चन्द्रादित्ययोः कालविभागकरत्वादयने द्वे भवतो दक्षिणमुत्तरं च | तयोर्दक्षिणं वर्षाशरद्धेमन्ताः; तेषु भगवानाप्यायते सोमः, अम्ललवणमधुराश्च रसा बलवन्तो भवन्ति, उत्तरोत्तरं च सर्वप्राणिनां बलमभिवर्धते | उत्तरं च शिशिरवसन्तग्रीष्माः, तेषु भगवानाप्यायतेऽर्कः, तिक्तकषायकटुकाश्च रसा बलवन्तो भवन्ति, उत्तरोत्तरं च सर्वप्राणिनां बलमुपहीयते ||७||

The seasons are divided based on the influence of the Sun and Moon, which create distinct periods. There are two main divisions of the year: the southern and the northern. The southern part includes the rainy, autumn, and winter seasons, while the northern part consists of the winter, spring, and summer seasons. In the southern period, the Moon is believed to be in its beneficial phase, and the tastes associated with this time—sour, saline, and sweet—are considered strong and beneficial. This period also enhances the strength of all living beings. In the northern period, the Sun is in its beneficial phase, and the tastes associated with this time—bitter, astringent, and pungent—are strong and beneficial. This period also provides strength to all living beings. Thus, the Sun and Moon influence the distribution of seasons, affecting the quality and strength of tastes and overall vitality.

english translation

ta ete zItoSNavarSalakSaNAzcandrAdityayoH kAlavibhAgakaratvAdayane dve bhavato dakSiNamuttaraM ca | tayordakSiNaM varSAzaraddhemantAH; teSu bhagavAnApyAyate somaH, amlalavaNamadhurAzca rasA balavanto bhavanti, uttarottaraM ca sarvaprANinAM balamabhivardhate | uttaraM ca ziziravasantagrISmAH, teSu bhagavAnApyAyate'rkaH, tiktakaSAyakaTukAzca rasA balavanto bhavanti, uttarottaraM ca sarvaprANinAM balamupahIyate ||7||

siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/6/8

भवति चात्र- शीतांशुः क्लेदयत्युर्वीं विवस्वान् शोषयत्यपि | तावुभावपि संश्रित्य वायुः पालयति प्रजाः ||८||

"The Moon, known as Shītāṃśu, moistens the earth and creates a cooling effect." "The Sun, known as Vivāsvān, causes the earth to dry out by its heat." "Both of these celestial bodies, working together, influence the earth and maintain the wellbeing of living beings by their combined effects."

english translation

bhavati cAtra- zItAMzuH kledayatyurvIM vivasvAn zoSayatyapi | tAvubhAvapi saMzritya vAyuH pAlayati prajAH ||8||

siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/6/9

अथ खल्वयने द्वे युगपत् संवत्सरो भवति | ते तु पञ्च युगमिति सञ्ज्ञां लभन्ते | स एष निमेषादिर्युगपर्यन्तः कालश्चक्रवत् परिवर्तमानः कालचक्रमित्युच्यत इत्येके ||९||

"In the system of time, there are two epochs, and together they form a single year." "These two epochs are referred to as 'Yugas,' and collectively, they are termed as 'Five Yugas.'" "The concept of time is cyclic and perpetually rotating, often described as a 'Wheel of Time,' according to some interpretations."

english translation

atha khalvayane dve yugapat saMvatsaro bhavati | te tu paJca yugamiti saJjJAM labhante | sa eSa nimeSAdiryugaparyantaH kAlazcakravat parivartamAnaH kAlacakramityucyata ityeke ||9||

siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/6/10

इह तु वर्षाशरद्धेमन्तवसन्तग्रीष्मप्रावृषः षडृतवो भवन्ति, दोषोपचयप्रकोपोपशमनिमित्तं; ते तु भाद्रपदाद्येन द्विमासिकेन व्याख्याताः; तद्यथा- भाद्रपदाश्वयुजौ वर्षाः, कार्तिकमार्गशीर्षौ शरत्, पौषमाघौ हेमन्तः, फाल्गुनचैत्रौ वसन्तः, वैशाखज्येष्ठौ ग्रीष्मः; आषाढश्रावणौ प्रावृडिति ||१०||

"Here, there are six seasons: Vasanta (Spring), Greeshma (Summer), Varsha (Monsoon), Sharad (Autumn), Hemanta (Pre-Winter), and Shishira (Winter)." "These six seasons are described as being related to the balancing of doshas (bodily humors), their aggravation, and their pacification." "They are divided into two-month periods, starting from Bhadrapada and Ashwin for Varsha (Monsoon), Kartika and Margashirsha for Sharad (Autumn), Pausha and Magha for Hemanta (Pre-Winter), Phalguna and Chaitra for Vasanta (Spring), and Vaishakha and Jyeshtha for Greeshma (Summer)." "The Ashadha and Shravan months correspond to the Prāvṛṣa (Monsoon) season."

english translation

iha tu varSAzaraddhemantavasantagrISmaprAvRSaH SaDRtavo bhavanti, doSopacayaprakopopazamanimittaM; te tu bhAdrapadAdyena dvimAsikena vyAkhyAtAH; tadyathA- bhAdrapadAzvayujau varSAH, kArtikamArgazIrSau zarat, pauSamAghau hemantaH, phAlgunacaitrau vasantaH, vaizAkhajyeSThau grISmaH; ASADhazrAvaNau prAvRDiti ||10||