Natyashastra

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/31

एवमेषोऽल्पसूत्रार्थो निर्दिष्टो नाट्यसंग्रहः । अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि सूत्रग्रन्थविकल्पनम् ॥ ३१॥

sanskrit

Thus, this concise meaning of the collection of dramatic elements (Nāṭya-Saṅgraha) has been described. Therefore, I will now explain the formulation of the Sutra texts.

english translation

evameSo'lpasUtrArtho nirdiSTo nATyasaMgrahaH | ataH paraM pravakSyAmi sUtragranthavikalpanam || 31||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/32

तत्र रसानेव तावदादावभिव्याख्यास्यामः । न हि रसादृते कश्चिदर्थः प्रवर्तते । तत्र विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः । को दृष्टान्तः । अत्राह - यथा हि नानाव्यञ्जनौषधिद्रव्यसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः तथा नानाभावोपगमाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः । यथा हि - गुडादिभिर्द्रव्यैर्व्यञ्जनैरौषधिभिश्च षाडवादयो रसा निर्वर्त्यन्ते तथा नानाभावोपगता अपि स्थायिनो भावा रसत्वमाप्नुवन्तीति । अत्राह - रस इति कः पदार्थः । उच्यते - आस्वाद्यत्वात् । कथमास्वाद्यते रसः । यथा हि नानाव्यञ्जनसंस्कृतमन्नं भुञ्जान रसानास्वादयन्ति सुमनसः पुरुष हर्षादींश्चाधिगच्छन्ति तथा नानाभावाभिनयव्यञ्जितान् वागङ्गसत्तोपेतान् स्थायिभावानास्वादयन्ति सुमनसः प्रेक्षकाः हर्षादींश्चाधिगच्छन्ति । तस्मान्नाट्यरसा इत्यभिव्याख्याताः । अत्रानुवंश्यौ श्लोकौ भवतः - यथा बहुद्रव्ययुतैर्व्यञ्जनैर्बहुभिर्युतम् । आस्वादयन्ति भुञ्जाना भक्तं भक्तविदो जनाः ॥ ३२॥

sanskrit

To begin with, the sentiments (rasas) will be explained, as no meaning is conveyed without rasa. The realization of rasa arises from the combination of determinants (vibhāvas), consequents (anubhāvas), and transitory states (vyabhicāri bhāvas). What is an analogy for this? It is said: Just as the realization of flavors (rasa) occurs from the combination of various condiments, medicinal substances, and ingredients, similarly, the realization of sentiments occurs from the combination of various emotional states (bhāvas). For instance, flavors like sweetness and others are produced by combining substances such as jaggery, condiments, and medicines. In the same way, emotional states, when combined, lead to the transformation of stable states (sthāyin) into sentiments (rasas). The question arises: What is the essence of rasa? It is said: It is that which can be savored. How is rasa savored? Just as individuals savor flavors by consuming food prepared with various condiments, experiencing joy and other emotions, so too do discerning spectators relish the stable states represented through the gestures, expressions, and speech of actors, experiencing joy and other emotions in turn. Thus, dramatic sentiments (nāṭyarasa) are defined. Here, two illustrative verses are cited: "Just as those who are knowledgeable in food savor dishes prepared with a variety of substances and condiments..."

english translation

tatra rasAneva tAvadAdAvabhivyAkhyAsyAmaH | na hi rasAdRte kazcidarthaH pravartate | tatra vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicArisaMyogAdrasaniSpattiH | ko dRSTAntaH | atrAha - yathA hi nAnAvyaJjanauSadhidravyasaMyogAdrasaniSpattiH tathA nAnAbhAvopagamAdrasaniSpattiH | yathA hi - guDAdibhirdravyairvyaJjanairauSadhibhizca SADavAdayo rasA nirvartyante tathA nAnAbhAvopagatA api sthAyino bhAvA rasatvamApnuvantIti | atrAha - rasa iti kaH padArthaH | ucyate - AsvAdyatvAt | kathamAsvAdyate rasaH | yathA hi nAnAvyaJjanasaMskRtamannaM bhuJjAna rasAnAsvAdayanti sumanasaH puruSa harSAdIMzcAdhigacchanti tathA nAnAbhAvAbhinayavyaJjitAn vAgaGgasattopetAn sthAyibhAvAnAsvAdayanti sumanasaH prekSakAH harSAdIMzcAdhigacchanti | tasmAnnATyarasA ityabhivyAkhyAtAH | atrAnuvaMzyau zlokau bhavataH - yathA bahudravyayutairvyaJjanairbahubhiryutam | AsvAdayanti bhuJjAnA bhaktaM bhaktavido janAH || 32||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/33

भावाभिनयसंबद्धान्स्थायिभावांस्तथा बुधाः । आस्वादयन्ति मनसा तस्मान्नाट्यरसाः स्मृताः ॥ ३३॥

sanskrit

The wise savor the stable states (sthāyibhāvas) with their minds when these are connected with emotional expressions (bhāvas) and representations (abhinayas). Therefore, they are recognized as dramatic sentiments (nāṭyarasas).

english translation

bhAvAbhinayasaMbaddhAnsthAyibhAvAMstathA budhAH | AsvAdayanti manasA tasmAnnATyarasAH smRtAH || 33||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/34

अत्राह - किं रसेभ्यो भावानामभिनिर्वृत्तिरुताहो भावेभ्यो रसानामिति । केषाञ्चिन्मतं परस्परसम्बन्धादेषामभिनिर्वृत्तिरिति । तन्न । कस्मात् । दृश्यते हि भावेभ्यो रसानामभिनिर्वृत्तिर्न तु रसेभ्यो भावानामभिनिर्वृत्तिरिति । भवन्ति चात्र श्लोकाः - नानाभिनयसम्बद्धान्भावयन्ति रसनिमान् । यस्मात्तस्मादमी भावा विज्ञेया नाट्ययोक्तृभिः ॥ ३४॥

sanskrit

Here, it is questioned whether the emergence is from sentiments (rasas) to emotions (bhāvas) or from emotions (bhāvas) to sentiments (rasas). Some opine that the emergence is due to their mutual interrelation. However, this is not correct. Why? Because it is observed that sentiments emerge from emotions and not emotions from sentiments. There are supporting verses on this subject: "Since they evoke sentiments through various representations (abhinayas), these emotions (bhāvas) are to be understood as fundamental, as declared by the creators of dramatic art."

english translation

atrAha - kiM rasebhyo bhAvAnAmabhinirvRttirutAho bhAvebhyo rasAnAmiti | keSAJcinmataM parasparasambandhAdeSAmabhinirvRttiriti | tanna | kasmAt | dRzyate hi bhAvebhyo rasAnAmabhinirvRttirna tu rasebhyo bhAvAnAmabhinirvRttiriti | bhavanti cAtra zlokAH - nAnAbhinayasambaddhAnbhAvayanti rasanimAn | yasmAttasmAdamI bhAvA vijJeyA nATyayoktRbhiH || 34||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/35

नानाद्रव्यैबहुविधैर्व्यञ्जनं भाव्यते यथा । एवं भावा भावयन्ति रसानभिनयैः सह ॥ ३५॥

sanskrit

"Just as various ingredients are combined to prepare a condiment, similarly, emotions (bhāvas), along with representations (abhinayas), evoke sentiments (rasas)."

english translation

nAnAdravyaibahuvidhairvyaJjanaM bhAvyate yathA | evaM bhAvA bhAvayanti rasAnabhinayaiH saha || 35||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/31

एवमेषोऽल्पसूत्रार्थो निर्दिष्टो नाट्यसंग्रहः । अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि सूत्रग्रन्थविकल्पनम् ॥ ३१॥

sanskrit

Thus, this concise meaning of the collection of dramatic elements (Nāṭya-Saṅgraha) has been described. Therefore, I will now explain the formulation of the Sutra texts.

english translation

evameSo'lpasUtrArtho nirdiSTo nATyasaMgrahaH | ataH paraM pravakSyAmi sUtragranthavikalpanam || 31||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/32

तत्र रसानेव तावदादावभिव्याख्यास्यामः । न हि रसादृते कश्चिदर्थः प्रवर्तते । तत्र विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः । को दृष्टान्तः । अत्राह - यथा हि नानाव्यञ्जनौषधिद्रव्यसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः तथा नानाभावोपगमाद्रसनिष्पत्तिः । यथा हि - गुडादिभिर्द्रव्यैर्व्यञ्जनैरौषधिभिश्च षाडवादयो रसा निर्वर्त्यन्ते तथा नानाभावोपगता अपि स्थायिनो भावा रसत्वमाप्नुवन्तीति । अत्राह - रस इति कः पदार्थः । उच्यते - आस्वाद्यत्वात् । कथमास्वाद्यते रसः । यथा हि नानाव्यञ्जनसंस्कृतमन्नं भुञ्जान रसानास्वादयन्ति सुमनसः पुरुष हर्षादींश्चाधिगच्छन्ति तथा नानाभावाभिनयव्यञ्जितान् वागङ्गसत्तोपेतान् स्थायिभावानास्वादयन्ति सुमनसः प्रेक्षकाः हर्षादींश्चाधिगच्छन्ति । तस्मान्नाट्यरसा इत्यभिव्याख्याताः । अत्रानुवंश्यौ श्लोकौ भवतः - यथा बहुद्रव्ययुतैर्व्यञ्जनैर्बहुभिर्युतम् । आस्वादयन्ति भुञ्जाना भक्तं भक्तविदो जनाः ॥ ३२॥

sanskrit

To begin with, the sentiments (rasas) will be explained, as no meaning is conveyed without rasa. The realization of rasa arises from the combination of determinants (vibhāvas), consequents (anubhāvas), and transitory states (vyabhicāri bhāvas). What is an analogy for this? It is said: Just as the realization of flavors (rasa) occurs from the combination of various condiments, medicinal substances, and ingredients, similarly, the realization of sentiments occurs from the combination of various emotional states (bhāvas). For instance, flavors like sweetness and others are produced by combining substances such as jaggery, condiments, and medicines. In the same way, emotional states, when combined, lead to the transformation of stable states (sthāyin) into sentiments (rasas). The question arises: What is the essence of rasa? It is said: It is that which can be savored. How is rasa savored? Just as individuals savor flavors by consuming food prepared with various condiments, experiencing joy and other emotions, so too do discerning spectators relish the stable states represented through the gestures, expressions, and speech of actors, experiencing joy and other emotions in turn. Thus, dramatic sentiments (nāṭyarasa) are defined. Here, two illustrative verses are cited: "Just as those who are knowledgeable in food savor dishes prepared with a variety of substances and condiments..."

english translation

tatra rasAneva tAvadAdAvabhivyAkhyAsyAmaH | na hi rasAdRte kazcidarthaH pravartate | tatra vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicArisaMyogAdrasaniSpattiH | ko dRSTAntaH | atrAha - yathA hi nAnAvyaJjanauSadhidravyasaMyogAdrasaniSpattiH tathA nAnAbhAvopagamAdrasaniSpattiH | yathA hi - guDAdibhirdravyairvyaJjanairauSadhibhizca SADavAdayo rasA nirvartyante tathA nAnAbhAvopagatA api sthAyino bhAvA rasatvamApnuvantIti | atrAha - rasa iti kaH padArthaH | ucyate - AsvAdyatvAt | kathamAsvAdyate rasaH | yathA hi nAnAvyaJjanasaMskRtamannaM bhuJjAna rasAnAsvAdayanti sumanasaH puruSa harSAdIMzcAdhigacchanti tathA nAnAbhAvAbhinayavyaJjitAn vAgaGgasattopetAn sthAyibhAvAnAsvAdayanti sumanasaH prekSakAH harSAdIMzcAdhigacchanti | tasmAnnATyarasA ityabhivyAkhyAtAH | atrAnuvaMzyau zlokau bhavataH - yathA bahudravyayutairvyaJjanairbahubhiryutam | AsvAdayanti bhuJjAnA bhaktaM bhaktavido janAH || 32||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/33

भावाभिनयसंबद्धान्स्थायिभावांस्तथा बुधाः । आस्वादयन्ति मनसा तस्मान्नाट्यरसाः स्मृताः ॥ ३३॥

sanskrit

The wise savor the stable states (sthāyibhāvas) with their minds when these are connected with emotional expressions (bhāvas) and representations (abhinayas). Therefore, they are recognized as dramatic sentiments (nāṭyarasas).

english translation

bhAvAbhinayasaMbaddhAnsthAyibhAvAMstathA budhAH | AsvAdayanti manasA tasmAnnATyarasAH smRtAH || 33||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/34

अत्राह - किं रसेभ्यो भावानामभिनिर्वृत्तिरुताहो भावेभ्यो रसानामिति । केषाञ्चिन्मतं परस्परसम्बन्धादेषामभिनिर्वृत्तिरिति । तन्न । कस्मात् । दृश्यते हि भावेभ्यो रसानामभिनिर्वृत्तिर्न तु रसेभ्यो भावानामभिनिर्वृत्तिरिति । भवन्ति चात्र श्लोकाः - नानाभिनयसम्बद्धान्भावयन्ति रसनिमान् । यस्मात्तस्मादमी भावा विज्ञेया नाट्ययोक्तृभिः ॥ ३४॥

sanskrit

Here, it is questioned whether the emergence is from sentiments (rasas) to emotions (bhāvas) or from emotions (bhāvas) to sentiments (rasas). Some opine that the emergence is due to their mutual interrelation. However, this is not correct. Why? Because it is observed that sentiments emerge from emotions and not emotions from sentiments. There are supporting verses on this subject: "Since they evoke sentiments through various representations (abhinayas), these emotions (bhāvas) are to be understood as fundamental, as declared by the creators of dramatic art."

english translation

atrAha - kiM rasebhyo bhAvAnAmabhinirvRttirutAho bhAvebhyo rasAnAmiti | keSAJcinmataM parasparasambandhAdeSAmabhinirvRttiriti | tanna | kasmAt | dRzyate hi bhAvebhyo rasAnAmabhinirvRttirna tu rasebhyo bhAvAnAmabhinirvRttiriti | bhavanti cAtra zlokAH - nAnAbhinayasambaddhAnbhAvayanti rasanimAn | yasmAttasmAdamI bhAvA vijJeyA nATyayoktRbhiH || 34||

hk transliteration by Sanscript

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/1/35

नानाद्रव्यैबहुविधैर्व्यञ्जनं भाव्यते यथा । एवं भावा भावयन्ति रसानभिनयैः सह ॥ ३५॥

sanskrit

"Just as various ingredients are combined to prepare a condiment, similarly, emotions (bhāvas), along with representations (abhinayas), evoke sentiments (rasas)."

english translation

nAnAdravyaibahuvidhairvyaJjanaM bhAvyate yathA | evaM bhAvA bhAvayanti rasAnabhinayaiH saha || 35||

hk transliteration by Sanscript