Charak Samhita
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अलौकिकाप्तोपदेशऐतिह्यपदेनोच्यतइत्याह- वेदादिरिति ॥४१॥
॥ 20. Aitihya (traditional instruction)॥ Aitihya is the divine authoritative (or traditional) source of knowledge such as veda etc.
english translation
alaukikAptopadezaaitihyapadenocyataityAha- vedAdiriti ॥41॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptअथौपम्यम्- औपम्यंनामयदन्येनान्यस्यसादृश्यमधिकृत्यप्रकाशनं; यथा- दण्डेनदण्डकस्य, धनुषाधनुःस्तम्भस्य, इष्वासेनाऽऽरोग्यदस्येति ॥४२॥
॥ 21.Aupamya (analogy)॥ Aupamya is the description of similarity between things such as analogy of dandaka (a disease in which body is rigid like rod) with danda (rod); that of dhanustambha (tetany) with bow and that of the health provider with the archer.
english translation
athaupamyam- aupamyaMnAmayadanyenAnyasyasAdRzyamadhikRtyaprakAzanaM; yathA- daNDenadaNDakasya, dhanuSAdhanuHstambhasya, iSvAsenA''rogyadasyeti ॥42॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptअथसंशयः- संशयोनामसन्देहलक्षणानुसन्दिग्धेष्वर्थेष्वनिश्चयः ; यथा- दृष्टाह्यायुष्मल्लक्षणैरुपेताश्चानुपेताश्चतथासक्रियाश्चाक्रियाश्चपुरुषाःशीघ्रभङ्गाश्चिरजीविनश्च, एतदुभयदृष्टत्वात्संशयः- किमस्तिखल्वकालमृत्युरुतनास्तीति ॥४३॥
॥ 22. Samshayah (uncertainity)॥ Samshayaḥ is the state of indecision about the concerned entity. For instance, on observing that both types of persons having signs of longevity or not and they adopting the therapeutic measures or not – die early or live long life, therefore doubt arises as whether there is untimely death or not .
english translation
athasaMzayaH- saMzayonAmasandehalakSaNAnusandigdheSvartheSvanizcayaH ; yathA- dRSTAhyAyuSmallakSaNairupetAzcAnupetAzcatathAsakriyAzcAkriyAzcapuruSAHzIghrabhaGgAzcirajIvinazca, etadubhayadRSTatvAtsaMzayaH- kimastikhalvakAlamRtyurutanAstIti ॥43॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptअथप्रयोजनं- प्रयोजनंनामयदर्थमारभ्यन्तआरम्भाः; यथा- यद्यकालमृत्युरस्तिततोऽहमात्मानमायुष्यैरुपचरिष्याम्यनायुष्याणिचपरिहरिष्यामि, कथंमामकालमृत्युःप्रसहेतेति ॥४४॥
॥ 23. Prayojana (purpose or intention)॥ Prayojana is that for which the actions is initiated. Such as – ‘if there is untimely death then I will use life-promoting measures and avoid the contrary ones. In such condition how would the untimely death subdue me?
english translation
athaprayojanaM- prayojanaMnAmayadarthamArabhyantaArambhAH; yathA- yadyakAlamRtyurastitato'hamAtmAnamAyuSyairupacariSyAmyanAyuSyANicaparihariSyAmi, kathaMmAmakAlamRtyuHprasaheteti ॥44॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptअथसव्यभिचारं- सव्यभिचारंनामयद्व्यभिचरणं; यथा- भवेदिदमौषधमस्मिन्व्याधौयौगिकमथवानेति ॥४५॥
॥ 24. Savyabhichara (incompatible argument)॥ Savyabhicharais that argument incompatible with the conclusion drawn from it, such as ‘this medicine may or may not be applicable to this disease.’
english translation
athasavyabhicAraM- savyabhicAraMnAmayadvyabhicaraNaM; yathA- bhavedidamauSadhamasminvyAdhauyaugikamathavAneti ॥45॥
hk transliteration by Sanscript