[21.Aupamya (analogy)] Aupamya is the description of similarity between things such as analogy of dandaka (a disease in which body is rigid like rod) with danda (rod); that of dhanustambha (tetany) with bow and that of the health provider with the archer.
[22. Samshayah (uncertainity)] Samshayaḥ is the state of indecision about the concerned entity. For instance, on observing that both types of persons having signs of longevity or not and they adopting the therapeutic measures or not – die early or live long life, therefore doubt arises as whether there is untimely death or not .
[23. Prayojana (purpose or intention)] Prayojana is that for which the actions is initiated. Such as – ‘if there is untimely death then I will use life-promoting measures and avoid the contrary ones. In such condition how would the untimely death subdue me?
[24. Savyabhichara (incompatible argument)] Savyabhicharais that argument incompatible with the conclusion drawn from it, such as ‘this medicine may or may not be applicable to this disease.’