Astanga Hrudaya
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रोगः पाप्मा ज्वरो व्याधिर्विकारो दुःखमामयः। यक्ष्मातङ्कगदाबाधाः शब्दाः पर्यायवाचिनः॥१॥
Roga paryayah – synonyms of the term ‘disease’: Roga, papma, jvara, vyadhi, vikara, duhkha, amaya,yaksma, atanka, gada and abadha – these terms are synonyms of disease. Notes – Each of these terms indicates a certain aspect of the disease. The disease is called ‘roga’ because it gives rise to pain, it is ‘papma’ because it is born from sinful acts, ’jvara’ because it torments, ‘vyadhi’ for it brings in different kinds of abnormalities, ‘duhkha’ as it causes various kinds of unhappiness, ‘amaya’ – because it is caused by ama (undigested, improperly processed metabolites), ‘yaksma’ as it is a group of diseases (symptom complex, syndrome), ‘atanka’ for it makes life miserable, ‘gada’ because it is produced by multiple causes, ‘abadha’ for, it produces constant discomfort (to the body, mind and or sense organs). In addition to these, even the term ‘Dosha’ is also used as a synonym to indicate the disease.
english translation
rogaH pApmA jvaro vyAdhirvikAro duHkhamAmayaH। yakSmAtaGkagadAbAdhAH zabdAH paryAyavAcinaH॥1॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptनिदानं पूर्वरूपाणि रूपाण्युपशयस्तथा। सम्प्राप्तिश्चेति विज्ञानं रोगाणां पञ्चधा स्मृतम्॥२॥
Nidana pancaka – five diagnostic tools Nidana (cause), Purvarupa (premonitory symptoms), Rupa (signs and symptoms characteristic of the disease), Upashaya (diagnostic test) and Samprapti (mode of manifestation of the disease) are the five means of obtaining full knowledge (diagnosis) of disease. Notes – Knowledge of all these five is not essential for the diagnosis of every disease. Many can be diagnosed by knowing any one or two, sometimes all the five are necessary.
english translation
nidAnaM pUrvarUpANi rUpANyupazayastathA। samprAptizceti vijJAnaM rogANAM paJcadhA smRtam॥2॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptनिमित्तहेत्वायतनप्रत्ययोत्थानकारणैः। निदानमाहुः पर्यायैः प्राग्रूपं येन लक्ष्यते॥३॥
Nidana (cause) is indicated by synonyms such asnimitta, hetu, ayatana, pratyaya, utthana and karana. Notes – A few more synonyms which are used rather rarely are mula, mukha, prakriti, ayatana and yoni. The term ‘nidana’ has two meaning – * that which furnishes definite information. In this sense it is applied to diagnosis of disease and also to the section of the text which furnishes definite information about diseases. (Nidana Sthana). * the ‘cause’ of anything. In the context of diseases it refers to the cause of the disease. It is this second usage which is more common. Purvarupa: Premonitory symptoms / prodromal symptoms: Pragrupa (or purvarupa) are those (signs and symptoms)
english translation
nimittahetvAyatanapratyayotthAnakAraNaiH। nidAnamAhuH paryAyaiH prAgrUpaM yena lakSyate॥3॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptउत्पित्सुरामयो दोषविशेषेणानधिष्ठितः। लिङ्गमव्यक्तमल्पत्वाद्व्याधीनां तद्यथा यथम्॥४॥
which appear earlier to the yet to be manifested disease, not assignable to any dosha specificallybecause of their poor manifestation and mild nature. They are enumerated in the way they manifest in each disease. Notes – Purva rupa is of two kinds. 1- Samanya and 2-Vishishta. The first one comprises of symptoms produced by one or more of the aggravated Dosha, these usually disappear when the disease actually manifests, and these may be common to many diseases. The second one, comprises of the signs and symptoms of the forthcoming diseases itself, appearing mildly and continuing their existence in the further stages of the disease. The ancient texts describe the first kind only under the heading ‘Purvarupa’ in some diseases, as it is difficult for the physician to recognize them and assign them to specific diseases. The second kind may be either mentioned or not, as it is easy for the physician to recognize the characteristic features of the diseases. In some diseases ‘Purvarupa’ is not mentioned at all. This should not be taken to mean that such a disease has no Purvarupa at all, but should be understood that in such diseases the specific features of the disease itself appear as ‘Purvarupa’.
english translation
utpitsurAmayo doSavizeSeNAnadhiSThitaH। liGgamavyaktamalpatvAdvyAdhInAM tadyathA yatham॥4॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptतदेव व्यक्ततां यातं रूपमित्यभिधीयते। संस्थानं व्यञ्जनं लिङ्गं लक्षणं चिह्नमाकृतिः ॥५॥
Rupa: Clinical features / characteristic signs and symptoms Premonitory symptoms, after attaining clear manifestation, come to be known as rupa (characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease); also called samsthana, vyanjana, linga, lakshana, chinha and akriti.
english translation
tadeva vyaktatAM yAtaM rUpamityabhidhIyate। saMsthAnaM vyaJjanaM liGgaM lakSaNaM cihnamAkRtiH ॥5॥
hk transliteration by Sanscript