Surya Siddhanta
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कार्तिक्यादिषु सम्योगे कृत्तिकादि द्वयम् द्वयम्। अन्त्योपान्त्यौ पञ्चमश् च त्रिधा मासत्रयम् स्मृतम्॥
From the full moon of the month of Kärttka* , a month is named from the conjunction of two constellations. But for the months of Açvina**, Bhädra*** and Phälguna**** the months are named after the conjunction of three constellations. [* The 7th month of the year. **The 6th month of the year. ***The 5th month of the year. ****The 11th month of the year.]
english translation
वैशाखादिषु कृष्णे च योगः पञ्चदशे तिथौ। कार्त्तिकादीनि वर्षाणि गुरोर् अस्तोदयात् तथा॥
Just as in Vaiçäkha etc., the month gets its name from the star corresponding to the tithi during the full moon, similarly, the year gets its name from the star corresponding to the lunar fifteenth day (kåishëacaturdaçi) during the dark half month when it is the time of Jupiter’s setting and rising.
english translation
उदयाद् उदयम् भानोः सावनम् तत् प्रकीर्तितम्। सावनानि स्युर् *एतेन यज्ञकालविधिस् तु तैः॥
The time period from one sunrise to the next one is sävana. By this is determined the rules regarding the time for sacrificial rites (yajëa).
english translation
सूतकादिपरिच्छेदो दिनमासाब्दपास् तथा । मध्यमा ग्रहभुक्तिस् तु सावनेनैव गृह्यते॥
Removal of uncleanliness after child-birth (sutika) or death (ashouycha), regent of day, month and year, mean motions (madhyabhukti) of planets etc., are determined using the sävana (civil) standards.
english translation
सुरासुराणाम् अन्योन्यम् अहोरात्रम् विपर्ययात्। यत्प्रोक्तम् तद् भवेद् दिव्यम् भानोर् भगणपूरणात् ॥
The days and nights for the demons and the demigods are oppositional to each other. The completion of sun’s revolution (bhagaëapuraëa) is the day of the demigods (divyadina).
english translation