Natyashastra

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/3/1

अथ करुणो नाम शोकस्थायिभावप्रभवः । स च शापक्लेशविनिपतितेष्टजनविप्रयोगविभवनाशवधबन्धविद्रवोपघात- व्यसनसंयोगादिभिर्विभावैः समुपजायते । तस्याश्रुपातपरिदेवनमुखशोषणवैवर्ण्यस्रस्तगात्रतानिश्श्वास- स्मृतिलोपादिभिरनुभावैरभिनयः प्रयोक्तव्यः । व्यभिचारिणश्चास्य निर्वेदग्लानिचिन्तौत्सुक्यावेगभ्रममोहश्रमभयविषाददैन्यव्याधि- जडतोन्मादापस्मारत्रासालस्यमरणस्तम्भवेपथुवैवर्ण्याश्रु- स्वरभेदादयः । अत्रार्ये भवतः - इष्टवधदर्शनाद्वा विप्रियवचनस्य संश्रवाद्वापि । एभिर्भावविशेषैः करुणो नाम संभवति ॥ १॥

sanskrit

The sentiment known as Karuṇa (Pathetic) originates from the Durable Psychological State (sthāyibhāva) of sorrow (śoka). It arises from Determinants such as affliction caused by a curse, suffering due to misfortune, separation from loved ones, loss of wealth, death, captivity, flight or escape, accidents, and other forms of calamities or misfortunes. This sentiment is portrayed on stage through Consequents like shedding tears, lamentation, dryness of the mouth, pallor or change in complexion, slackness or drooping of limbs, deep sighing, and loss of memory. The Complementary Psychological States associated with the Pathetic Sentiment include indifference, fatigue or langour, anxiety, longing, excitement, delusion, bewilderment, exhaustion, fear, sadness, dejection, illness, paralysis, insanity, epilepsy, tremor or fright, indolence, death, rigidity, trembling, pallor, tears, and a broken voice. These states enrich the portrayal of sorrow and create a vivid emotional impact on stage. The traditional Āryā verse explains that Karuṇa arises from situations such as witnessing the death of a beloved person or hearing deeply unpleasant words or news. These emotional circumstances form the foundation of the Pathetic Sentiment and bring it to life in a dramatic performance.

english translation

atha karuNo nAma zokasthAyibhAvaprabhavaH | sa ca zApaklezavinipatiteSTajanaviprayogavibhavanAzavadhabandhavidravopaghAta- vyasanasaMyogAdibhirvibhAvaiH samupajAyate | tasyAzrupAtaparidevanamukhazoSaNavaivarNyasrastagAtratAnizzvAsa- smRtilopAdibhiranubhAvairabhinayaH prayoktavyaH | vyabhicAriNazcAsya nirvedaglAnicintautsukyAvegabhramamohazramabhayaviSAdadainyavyAdhi- jaDatonmAdApasmAratrAsAlasyamaraNastambhavepathuvaivarNyAzru- svarabhedAdayaH | atrArye bhavataH - iSTavadhadarzanAdvA vipriyavacanasya saMzravAdvApi | ebhirbhAvavizeSaiH karuNo nAma saMbhavati || 1||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/natyashastra/6/3/1

अथ करुणो नाम शोकस्थायिभावप्रभवः । स च शापक्लेशविनिपतितेष्टजनविप्रयोगविभवनाशवधबन्धविद्रवोपघात- व्यसनसंयोगादिभिर्विभावैः समुपजायते । तस्याश्रुपातपरिदेवनमुखशोषणवैवर्ण्यस्रस्तगात्रतानिश्श्वास- स्मृतिलोपादिभिरनुभावैरभिनयः प्रयोक्तव्यः । व्यभिचारिणश्चास्य निर्वेदग्लानिचिन्तौत्सुक्यावेगभ्रममोहश्रमभयविषाददैन्यव्याधि- जडतोन्मादापस्मारत्रासालस्यमरणस्तम्भवेपथुवैवर्ण्याश्रु- स्वरभेदादयः । अत्रार्ये भवतः - इष्टवधदर्शनाद्वा विप्रियवचनस्य संश्रवाद्वापि । एभिर्भावविशेषैः करुणो नाम संभवति ॥ १॥

sanskrit

The sentiment known as Karuṇa (Pathetic) originates from the Durable Psychological State (sthāyibhāva) of sorrow (śoka). It arises from Determinants such as affliction caused by a curse, suffering due to misfortune, separation from loved ones, loss of wealth, death, captivity, flight or escape, accidents, and other forms of calamities or misfortunes. This sentiment is portrayed on stage through Consequents like shedding tears, lamentation, dryness of the mouth, pallor or change in complexion, slackness or drooping of limbs, deep sighing, and loss of memory. The Complementary Psychological States associated with the Pathetic Sentiment include indifference, fatigue or langour, anxiety, longing, excitement, delusion, bewilderment, exhaustion, fear, sadness, dejection, illness, paralysis, insanity, epilepsy, tremor or fright, indolence, death, rigidity, trembling, pallor, tears, and a broken voice. These states enrich the portrayal of sorrow and create a vivid emotional impact on stage. The traditional Āryā verse explains that Karuṇa arises from situations such as witnessing the death of a beloved person or hearing deeply unpleasant words or news. These emotional circumstances form the foundation of the Pathetic Sentiment and bring it to life in a dramatic performance.

english translation

atha karuNo nAma zokasthAyibhAvaprabhavaH | sa ca zApaklezavinipatiteSTajanaviprayogavibhavanAzavadhabandhavidravopaghAta- vyasanasaMyogAdibhirvibhAvaiH samupajAyate | tasyAzrupAtaparidevanamukhazoSaNavaivarNyasrastagAtratAnizzvAsa- smRtilopAdibhiranubhAvairabhinayaH prayoktavyaH | vyabhicAriNazcAsya nirvedaglAnicintautsukyAvegabhramamohazramabhayaviSAdadainyavyAdhi- jaDatonmAdApasmAratrAsAlasyamaraNastambhavepathuvaivarNyAzru- svarabhedAdayaH | atrArye bhavataH - iSTavadhadarzanAdvA vipriyavacanasya saMzravAdvApi | ebhirbhAvavizeSaiH karuNo nAma saMbhavati || 1||

hk transliteration