Charak Samhita

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प्रत्यवरेणतुसहसमानाभिमतेनवाविगृह्यजल्पतासुहृत्परिषदिकथयितव्यम्,अथवाऽप्युदासीनपरिषद्यवधानश्रवणज्ञानविज्ञानोपधारणवचनप्रतिवचनशक्तिसम्पन्नायांकथयताचावहितेनपरस्यसाद्गुण्यदोष बलमवेक्षितव्यं, समवेक्ष्यचयत्रैनंश्रेष्ठंमन्येतनास्यतत्रजल्पंयोजयेदनाविष्कृतमयोगंकुर्वन्; यत्रत्वेनमवरंमन्येततत्रैवैनमाशुनिगृह्णीयात्| तत्रखल्विमेप्रत्यवराणामाशुनिग्रहेभवन्त्युपायाः; तद्यथा- श्रुतहीनंमहतासूत्रपाठेनाभिभवेत्, विज्ञानहीनंपुनःकष्टशब्देनवाक्येन, वाक्यधारणाहीनमाविद्धदीर्घसूत्रसङ्कुलैर्वाक्यदण्डकैः, प्रतिभाहीनंपुनर्वचनेनैकविधेनानेकार्थवाचिना , वचनशक्तिहीनमर्धोक्तस्यवाक्यस्याक्षेपेणअविशारदमपत्रपणेन, कोपनमायासनेन, भीरुंवित्रासनेन, अनवहितंनियमनेनेति| एवमेतैरुपायैःपरमवरमभिभवेच्छीघ्रम् ||२१||

sanskrit

In a learned friendly or ignorant friendly assembly, one should initiate hostile discussion with an inferior or equal opponent. Or in a friendly neutral assembly having persons with attentive listening, learning, understanding abilities, power of discussion one should initiate discussion after carefully examining the strength and weakness of the opponent. If opponent is stronger then one should not continue discussion giving it up without any apparent sign; but where the opponent is weak he should be subdued immediately. The means adopted to subdue the inferior opponent immediately are as follows: opponent having no scriptural knowledge should be defeated by quoting long aphorisms; opponent devoid of confirmed meaning of sentences should be defeated by using sentences with incomprehensible and long aphorisms; one devoid of imagination should be defeated with similar sentences having various meanings; one devoid of power of speaking should be defeated by contradicting the half-said sentence; one devoid of skill should be defeated by putting him in embarrassing situation; one with irritability should be defeated by teasing him; one with cowardice should be defeated by terrorizing; one devoid of carefulness should be defeated by imposing discipline. Thus by these means one should subdue the inferior opponent immediately.

english translation

pratyavareNatusahasamAnAbhimatenavAvigRhyajalpatAsuhRtpariSadikathayitavyam,athavA'pyudAsInapariSadyavadhAnazravaNajJAnavijJAnopadhAraNavacanaprativacanazaktisampannAyAMkathayatAcAvahitenaparasyasAdguNyadoSa balamavekSitavyaM, samavekSyacayatrainaMzreSThaMmanyetanAsyatatrajalpaMyojayedanAviSkRtamayogaMkurvan; yatratvenamavaraMmanyetatatraivainamAzunigRhNIyAt| tatrakhalvimepratyavarANAmAzunigrahebhavantyupAyAH; tadyathA- zrutahInaMmahatAsUtrapAThenAbhibhavet, vijJAnahInaMpunaHkaSTazabdenavAkyena, vAkyadhAraNAhInamAviddhadIrghasUtrasaGkulairvAkyadaNDakaiH, pratibhAhInaMpunarvacanenaikavidhenAnekArthavAcinA , vacanazaktihInamardhoktasyavAkyasyAkSepeNaavizAradamapatrapaNena, kopanamAyAsanena, bhIruMvitrAsanena, anavahitaMniyamaneneti| evametairupAyaiHparamavaramabhibhavecchIghram ||21||

hk transliteration

तत्रश्लोकौ- विगृह्यकथयेद्युक्त्यायुक्तंचननिवारयेत्| विगृह्यभाषातीव्रंहिकेषाञ्चिद्द्रोहमावहेत् ||२२||

sanskrit

[Summary of discussion technique] In a hostile discussion, one should speak reasonably and should not withdraw the words once spoken. A hostile speech gives rise to strong agitation in some persons.

english translation

tatrazlokau- vigRhyakathayedyuktyAyuktaMcananivArayet| vigRhyabhASAtIvraMhikeSAJciddrohamAvahet ||22||

hk transliteration

नाकार्यमस्तिक्रुद्धस्यनावाच्यमपिविद्यते| कुशलानाभिनन्दन्तिकलहंसमितौसताम् ||२३||

sanskrit

The agitated person, may do some unfavourable things or may speak some unwanted words. Hence the wise do not recommend quarrel in the assembly of noble persons.

english translation

nAkAryamastikruddhasyanAvAcyamapividyate| kuzalAnAbhinandantikalahaMsamitausatAm ||23||

hk transliteration

एवंप्रवृत्तेवादेकुर्यात् ||२४||

sanskrit

Thus one should perform in discussion initiated.

english translation

evaMpravRttevAdekuryAt ||24||

hk transliteration

प्रागेवतावदिदंकर्तुंयतेत- सन्धायपर्षदाऽयनभूतमात्मनःप्रकरणमादेशयितव्यं, यद्वापरस्यभृशदुर्गंस्यात्, पक्षमथवापरस्यभृशंविमुखमानयेत्; परिषदिचोपसंहितायामशक्यमस्माभिर्वक्तुम्, एषैवतेपरिषद्यथेष्टंयथायोगंयथाभिप्रायंवादंवादमर्यादांचस्थापयिष्यतीत्युक्त्वातूष्णीमासीत ||२५||

sanskrit

[Guidelines for preparation before initiation and recording the debate] Before discussion, one should follow like this: In connivance with the participants of assembly, one should get the topic selected as is favourable to him or which is very difficult for the opponent or the opponent should be given such topic of discussion which will be quite adverse to the assembly’s views. Nothing can be discussed if the participants of assembly are congregated together. Then one should speak, ‘I have nothing to say more, now this assembly itself will take proper decision about the discussion and its result according to its choice, circumstances and views of the members’, having said this he should keep quiet.

english translation

prAgevatAvadidaMkartuMyateta- sandhAyaparSadA'yanabhUtamAtmanaHprakaraNamAdezayitavyaM, yadvAparasyabhRzadurgaMsyAt, pakSamathavAparasyabhRzaMvimukhamAnayet; pariSadicopasaMhitAyAmazakyamasmAbhirvaktum, eSaivatepariSadyatheSTaMyathAyogaMyathAbhiprAyaMvAdaMvAdamaryAdAMcasthApayiSyatItyuktvAtUSNImAsIta ||25||

hk transliteration