Charak Samhita

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पायूपस्थं विसर्गार्थं हस्तौ ग्रहणधारणे। जिह्वा वागिन्द्रियं वाक् च सत्या ज्योतिस्तमोऽनृता ॥२६॥

The tongue represents the organ of speech which speaks in two ways, viz. truth and false. The truth can be compared with light, that illuminates (the knowledge of worldly life and life after death). The false creates darkness (that creates confusion).

english translation

महाभूतानि खं वायुरग्निरापः क्षितिस्तथा। शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः ॥२७॥

[Mahabhuta (five fundamental elements)] The five mahabhuta are akasha, vayu, agni, jala and prithvi (in this order). Their attributes are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell respectively.

english translation

तेषामेकगुणः पूर्वो [२] गुणवृद्धिः परे परे। पूर्वः पूर्वगुणश्चैव [३] क्रमशो गुणिषु स्मृतः। ।२८॥

The order of mahabhutas mentioned above is important because, starting with akasha, the number of attributes per mahabhuta increases in the above order. This increase in number of attributes is cumulative, i.e., the attribute of the preceding mahabhutas is added to the succeeding one. This process of gunantara vriddhi in mahabhutas is also known as bhutanipravesha

english translation

खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्। आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम् ॥२९॥

Prithvi, jala, agni/tejas, vayu and akasha are characterized by kharatva (roughness), dravatva (liquidity), ushnatva (heat), chalatva (mobility) and apratighatatva (unobstructibility) respectively.

english translation

लक्षणं सर्वमेवैतत् स्पर्शनेन्द्रियगोचरम्। स्पर्शनेन्द्रियविज्ञेयः स्पर्शो हि सविपर्ययः॥३०॥

All these attributes are perceptible by the tactile sense organ. Touch, together with its absence, is perceived by the tactile sense organ.

english translation