Charak Samhita
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तस्योपलब्धिर्निदानपूर्वरूपलिङ्गोपशयसम्प्राप्तितः ॥6 ॥
॥ Means for knowledge of disease॥ Diseases could be diagnosed by studying their nidana (etiology), poorvarupa (premonitory symptoms), linga (sign and symptoms), upashaya (pacifying factors) and samprapti (pathogenesis).
english translation
tasyopalabdhirnidAnapUrvarUpaliGgopazayasamprAptitaH ॥6 ॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptतत्र निदानं कारणमित्युक्तमग्रे ॥७॥
॥ Definition of Nidana॥ Nidana is the cause or etiological factor as described earlier.
english translation
tatra nidAnaM kAraNamityuktamagre ॥7॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptपूर्वरूपं प्रागुत्पत्ति लक्षणं व्याधेः ॥८॥
॥ Definition of Poorvarupa (premonitory signs)॥ Symptoms that manifest themselves before the appearance of the disease are known as poorvarupa.
english translation
pUrvarUpaM prAgutpatti lakSaNaM vyAdheH ॥8॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptप्रादुर्भूतलक्षणं पुनर्लिङ्गम् तत्र लिङ्गमाकृतिर्लक्षणं चिह्नं संस्थानं व्यञ्जनं रूपमित्यनर्थान्तरम् ॥९॥
॥ Definition of Linga (sign) and its synonyms॥ Sign and symptoms when fully manifested are called as linga. Linga, akruti, lakshana, chihna, samsthana, vyanjana and rupa are synonyms of linga.
english translation
prAdurbhUtalakSaNaM punarliGgam tatra liGgamAkRtirlakSaNaM cihnaM saMsthAnaM vyaJjanaM rUpamityanarthAntaram ॥9॥
hk transliteration by Sanscriptउपशयः पुनर्हेतुव्याधिविपरीतानां विपरीतार्थकारिणां चौषधाहारविहाराणामुपयोगः सुखानुबन्धः ॥१०॥
॥ Definition of Upashaya (pacifying factors)॥ Medicines, diets and regimens that bring about relief either by acting directly on the cause of a disease or the disease itself or by producing such effects indirectly are termed upashaya (pacifying factors).
english translation
upazayaH punarhetuvyAdhiviparItAnAM viparItArthakAriNAM cauSadhAhAravihArANAmupayogaH sukhAnubandhaH ॥10॥
hk transliteration by Sanscript