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अर्थशास्त्रम्

Arthashastra

योगवृत्त

The Conduct of Courtiers

The king suppresses treason through spies and secret punishments, collecting revenue by demanding fractions of grain during crises and imposing graduated taxes. He fixes servant salaries based on rank, ensuring total maintenance costs remain under one-fourth of revenue. Courtiers advise the monarch directly, interpreting his moods to maintain favor. Ministers manage state security, control access, and secure the succession, balancing royal power with administrative stability.

To eliminate seditious ministers, the king employs spies to instigate internal conflicts, such as pitting a minister’s brother against him over inheritance, or using poisoners disguised as cooks. Spies may also frame ministers for witchcraft or forge evidence of counterfeit coinage to justify execution. In financial distress, the king demands one-third or one-fourth of grain from rain-dependent regions, avoiding those essential for fortifications or border security. He purchases remaining grain with gold and levies specific fees on merchants based on their trade goods, ranging from fifty karas for precious stones to five karas for firewood. The king also collects wealth through deceptive religious processions, fake omens, and by confiscating the property of seditious individuals or their heirs. Servant salaries are strictly tiered, with high-ranking officials receiving up to 48,000 panas annually, while lower staff receive significantly less, all capped to keep expenditures below the revenue limit.

english description by sivagpt