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Arthashastra

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अन्तर् गृह चरास् तेषां कुब्ज वामन पण्डकाः । शिल्पवत्यः स्त्रियो मूकाश् चित्राश् च म्लेच्छ जातयः ॥

The hump-backed, the dwarf, the eunuch, women of accomplishments, the dumb, and various grades of Mlechcha caste shall be spies inside their houses.

english translation

दुर्गेषु वणिजः संस्था दुर्ग अन्ते सिद्ध तापसाः । कर्षक उदास्थिता राष्ट्रे राष्ट्र अन्ते व्रज वासिनः ॥

Merchant spies inside forts; saints and ascetics in the suburbs of forts; the cultivator and the recluse in country parts; herdsmen in the boundaries of the country.

english translation

वने वन चराः कार्याः श्रमण आटविक आदयः । पर प्रवृत्ति ज्ञान अर्थाः शीघ्राश् चार परम्पराः ॥

in forests, forest-dwellers, sramanás, and chiefs of wild tribes, shall be stationed to ascertain the movements of enemies. All these spies shall be very quick in the dispatch of their work.

english translation

परस्य च एते बोद्धव्यास् तादृशैर् एव तादृशाः । चार संचारिणः संस्था गूढाश् च गूढ संज्ञिताः ॥

Spies set up by foreign kings shall also be found out by local spies; spies by spies of like profession. It is the institutes of espionage, secret or avowed, that set spies in motion.

english translation

अकृत्यान् कृत्य पक्षीयैर् दर्शितान् कार्य हेतुभिः । पर अपसर्प ज्ञान अर्थं मुख्यान् अन्तेषु वासयेत् ॥

Those chiefs whose inimical design has been found out by spies supporting the king's cause shall, in view of affording opportunity to detect the spies of foreign kings, be made to live on the boundaries of the state.

english translation