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Arthashastra

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स्तेनम् अनिसृष्ट उपजीविनं च बद्धं कर्म कारयेत्, दण्ड उपकारिणं च ॥

Any person who steals mineral products or carries on mining operations without license shall be bound (with chains) and caused to work (as a prisoner).

english translation

व्यय क्रिया भारिकम् आअकरं भागेन प्रक्रयेण वा दद्यात्, लाघविकम् आत्मना कारयेत् ॥

Mines which yield such minerals as are made use of in preparing vessels (bhánda) as well as those mines which require large outlay to work out may be leased out for a fixed number of the shares of the output or for a fixed rent (bhágena prakrayena va) Such mines as can be worked out without much outlay shall be directly exploited (by Government agency).

english translation

लोह अध्यक्षस् ताम्र सीस त्रपु वैकृन्त कार कूट वृत्त कंस ताल लोह कर्म अन्तान् कारयेत्, लोह भाण्ड व्यवहारं च ॥

The superintendent of metals (lóhádhyakshah) shall carry on the manufacture of copper, lead, tin, vaikrintaka (mercury [?]), árakúta (brass), vritta(?); kamsa (bronze or bell-metal), tála (sulphurate of arsenic), and lodhra (?), and also of commodities (bhánda) from them.

english translation

लक्षण अध्यक्षश् चतुर् भाग ताम्रं रूप्य रूपं तीक्ष्ण त्रपु सीस अञ्जनानाम् अन्यतम माष बीज युक्तं कारयेत् पणम् अर्ध पणं पादम्, अष्ट भागम् इति, पाद आजीवं ताम्र रूपं माषकम् अर्ध माषकं काकणीम् अर्ध काकणीम् इति ॥

The superintendent of mint (lakshnádhyakshah), shall carry on the manufacture of silver coins (rúpyarúpa) made up of four parts of copper and one-sixteenth part (másha) of any one of the metals, tikshna, trapu, sisa, and anjana. There shall be a pana, half a pana, a quarter and one-eighth. Copper coins (támrarúpa) made up of four parts of an alloy (pádajívam), shall be a máshaka, half a máshaka, kákani and half a kákani.

english translation

रूप दर्शकः पण यात्रां व्यावहारिकीं कोश प्रवेश्यां च स्थापयेत् ॥

The examiner of coins (rúpadarsaka) shall regulate currency both as a medium of exchange (vyávahárikim) and as legal tender admissible into the treasury (kosapravesyám).

english translation