[40. Pratijnahani (change of proposition)] Pratijnahani is defined as when one gives up the original proposition after having been questioned. For instance, somebody puts proposition in the beginning as, the self (purusha) is eternal, but when questioned says that it is non-eternal then such change of proposition after questioning is called as Pratijnahani.
[42. Hetvantara (change in statement of cause)] Hetvantara is that where some imperfect reason (vikritahetu) is stated instead of perfect reason (prakritahetu).
[43. Arthantara (statement of irrelevant meaning)] Arthantara is that where some other thing is said instead of the relevant one. For instance, one has to say the symptoms of jwara (fever) but instead he says those of prameha.
[44.Nigrahasthana (stage of defeat and its reasons)] Nigrahasthana is that by which one is defeated. It consists of not understanding a statement even if repeated thrice in a learned assembly or questioning where it is not pertinent and not questioning where it is pertinent. Over and above, pratijnahani, abhyanujna, kalatita vachana, ahetu, nyuna, adhika, vyartha, anarthaka, punarukta, viruddha, hetvantara and arthantara are reasons of defeat.