Charak Samhita

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/6

निजाः पुनः स्नेहस्वेदवमनविरेचनास्थापनानुवासनशिरोविरेचनानामयथावत्प्रयोगान्मिथ्यासंसर्जनाद्वाछर्द्यलसकविसूचिकाश्वासकासातिसारशोषपाण्डुरोगोदरज्वरप्रदरभगन्दरार्शोविकारातिकर्शनैर्वा कुष्ठकण्डूपिडकादिभिर्वाछर्दिक्षवथूद्गारशुक्रवातमूत्रपुरीषवेगधारणैर्वा कर्मरोगोपवासाध्वकर्शितस्य वासहसाऽतिगुर्वम्ललवणपिष्टान्नफलशाकरागदधिहरितकमद्यमन्दकविरूढनवशूकशमीधान्यानूपौदक-पिशितोपयोगान्मृत्पङ्कलोष्टभक्षणाल्लवणातिभक्षणाद्गर्भसम्पीडनादामगर्भप्रपतनात् प्रजातानां चमिथ्योपचारादुदीर्णदोषत्वाच्च शोफाः प्रादुर्भवन्ति; इत्युक्तः सामान्यो हेतुः ||६||

sanskrit

[General causes of endogenous swellings] Nija shotha i.e. endogenous swelling could be caused due to any of the following factors: 1. Iatrogenic factors: Improper administration of snehana(oleation), swedana(sudation), vamana(therapeutic emesis), virechana(therapeutic purgation), asthapana basti (non-unctuous enema), anuvasana basti(unctuous enema), shirovirechana(nasal errhines) and/or samsarjana krama(dietetic regimen after purification therapy). 2. Complication of other diseases: It can also result as complication of chhardi (vomiting), alasaka (delayed and obstructive digestive process), visuchika (cholera), shwasa (dyspnoea), kasa (cough), atisara (diarrhea), shosha (tuberculosis or pthysis ), pandu roga (anemia), udara roga (abdominal diseases including ascitis), jwara (pyrexia), pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), bhagandara (fistula-in-ano), arsha (piles) excessive emaciation, skin disorders, worm infestation, pidika (boils) etc. 3. Lifestyle: It may be due to suppression of natural urges like vomiting, sneezing, belching, ejaculation, flatus, micturition, defecation, excessive weakness caused by therapeutic purification procedures, chronic diseases, fasting, and excessive walking. 4. Dietary factors: Excess intake of too heavy diet, sour, salty, preparations of rice flour/maida/pastry, fruits, vegetables, raga preparations or pickles, curd, green salads, wine, unfermented curd, sprouted and new corn and cereals, consumption of meat of animals in marshy places or of acquatic animals such as certain types of fish, eating clay or pieces of earthen pots or bricks, or eating excessive salt (resulting in swelling). 5. Ante-natal and post-natal factors: Due to excessive pressure of gravid uterus, abortion, pre mature delivery and improper follow up of puerperal regimen, doshas get aggravated and produce shotha.

english translation

nijAH punaH snehasvedavamanavirecanAsthApanAnuvAsanazirovirecanAnAmayathAvatprayogAnmithyAsaMsarjanAdvAchardyalasakavisUcikAzvAsakAsAtisArazoSapANDurogodarajvarapradarabhagandarArzovikArAtikarzanairvA kuSThakaNDUpiDakAdibhirvAchardikSavathUdgArazukravAtamUtrapurISavegadhAraNairvA karmarogopavAsAdhvakarzitasya vAsahasA'tigurvamlalavaNapiSTAnnaphalazAkarAgadadhiharitakamadyamandakavirUDhanavazUkazamIdhAnyAnUpaudaka-pizitopayogAnmRtpaGkaloSTabhakSaNAllavaNAtibhakSaNAdgarbhasampIDanAdAmagarbhaprapatanAt prajAtAnAM camithyopacArAdudIrNadoSatvAcca zophAH prAdurbhavanti; ityuktaH sAmAnyo hetuH ||6||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/7

अयं त्वत्र विशेषः- शीतरूक्षलघुविशदश्रमोपवासातिकर्शनक्षपणादिभिर्वायुः [१] प्रकुपितस्त्वङ्मांसशोणितादीन्यभिभूय शोफंजनयति; स क्षिप्रोत्थानप्रशमो भवति, तथा श्यामारुणवर्णः प्रकृतिवर्णो वा, चलः स्पन्दनः खरपरुषभिन्नत्वग्रोमा छिद्यत इवभिद्यत इव पीड्यत इव सूचीभिरिव तुद्यते पिपीलिकाभिरिव संसृप्यते सर्षपकल्कावलिप्त इव चिमिचिमायते सङ्कुच्यतआयम्यत इवेति वातशोथः (१); उष्णतीक्ष्णकटुकक्षारलवणाम्लाजीर्णभोजनैरग्न्यातपप्रतापैश्च पित्तं प्रकुपितं त्वङ्मांसशोणितान्यभिभूय शोथं जनयति; सक्षिप्रोत्थानप्रशमो भवति, कृष्णपीतनीलताम्रावभास उष्णो मृदुः कपिलताम्ररोमा उष्यते दूयते धूप्यते ऊष्मायते स्विद्यतेक्लिद्यते न च स्पर्शमुष्णं च सुषूयत इति पित्तशोथः (२); गुरुमधुरशीतस्निग्धैरतिस्वप्नाव्यायामादिभिश्च श्लेष्मा प्रकुपितस्त्वङ्मांसशोणितादीन्यभिभूय शोथं जनयति; सकृच्छ्रोत्थानप्रशमो भवति, पाण्डुश्वेतावभासो गुरुः स्निग्धः श्लक्ष्णः स्थिरः स्त्यानः शुक्लाग्ररोमा स्पर्शोष्णसहश्चेतिश्लेष्मशोथः (३); यथास्वकारणाकृतिसंसर्गाद्द्विदोषजास्त्रयः शोथा भवन्ति; यथास्वकारणाकृतिसन्निपातात् सान्निपातिक एकः; एवं [४]सप्तविधो भेदः ||७||

sanskrit

[Specific causes of swelling due to dosha dominance Swelling due to vata dominance] Vata gets vitiated due to excess intake of sheeta (cold things), ruksha (rough or low calorie), laghu (very light), vishada (non-slimy substance) diets, shrama (excessive exertion), upavasa (excessive fasting), ati-karshan (emaciation), and kshapana (wasting). This vitiated vata gets into and stays within twak (skin), mamsa dhatu(muscle tissue), along with rakta dhatu (blood) and produces shotha, i.e., swelling. This swelling increases as well as subsides quickly, black or reddish in color, fleeting, pulsating, with coarse skin, rough and broken hair. The person feels different types of pain sensation like chhidyati (excision), bhidyati (incision), suchibhiriva (piercing by needles/pricking), crawling of ants, irritation (as if pasted with mustard) and a feeling of contraction or expansion. These are some of the traits of swelling caused by vata. [1] [Swelling due to pitta dominance] Pitta is vitiated due to excessive intake of hot, irritant, pungent, alkaline, salt, sour food, taking food when ailing from indigestion, or due to excessive exposure to heat and sunlight. This gets into the skin, muscle tissue, or blood and produces swelling. It also increases and subsides quickly. The affected part becomes blackish, yellow, bluish, copper-tinged, hot, or soft with brown and coppery hair. It gives a burning sensation of various forms and could be hot, sweaty, and moist. The affected region could be tender to touch and very sensitive to heat. These are the traits of swelling due to pitta dosha. [2] [Swelling due to kapha dominance] Kapha is vitiated due to excessive use of heavy to digest, sweet, cold and unctuous food, excessive sleep, sedentary life, etc. Vitiated kapha inhabits the skin, muscle tissues, and blood, causing swelling. A kapha-induced swelling grows slowly and subsides with difficulty. Affected part becomes pale, whitish, heavy, unctuous, smooth, stable, thick, with white hair, tolerant of touch and heat This is the swelling caused due to kapha. [3] [Different types due to involvement of more than one dosha] Through the combination of the causes and symptoms of two dosha (dwidoshaja), three types of swelling occur. Similarly, a sannipatika shotha is caused by the combination of respective causes and symptoms of all three dosha. [4] Thus swelling is of seven types.

english translation

ayaM tvatra vizeSaH- zItarUkSalaghuvizadazramopavAsAtikarzanakSapaNAdibhirvAyuH [1] prakupitastvaGmAMsazoNitAdInyabhibhUya zophaMjanayati; sa kSiprotthAnaprazamo bhavati, tathA zyAmAruNavarNaH prakRtivarNo vA, calaH spandanaH kharaparuSabhinnatvagromA chidyata ivabhidyata iva pIDyata iva sUcIbhiriva tudyate pipIlikAbhiriva saMsRpyate sarSapakalkAvalipta iva cimicimAyate saGkucyataAyamyata iveti vAtazothaH (1); uSNatIkSNakaTukakSAralavaNAmlAjIrNabhojanairagnyAtapapratApaizca pittaM prakupitaM tvaGmAMsazoNitAnyabhibhUya zothaM janayati; sakSiprotthAnaprazamo bhavati, kRSNapItanIlatAmrAvabhAsa uSNo mRduH kapilatAmraromA uSyate dUyate dhUpyate USmAyate svidyateklidyate na ca sparzamuSNaM ca suSUyata iti pittazothaH (2); gurumadhurazItasnigdhairatisvapnAvyAyAmAdibhizca zleSmA prakupitastvaGmAMsazoNitAdInyabhibhUya zothaM janayati; sakRcchrotthAnaprazamo bhavati, pANDuzvetAvabhAso guruH snigdhaH zlakSNaH sthiraH styAnaH zuklAgraromA sparzoSNasahazcetizleSmazothaH (3); yathAsvakAraNAkRtisaMsargAddvidoSajAstrayaH zothA bhavanti; yathAsvakAraNAkRtisannipAtAt sAnnipAtika ekaH; evaM [4]saptavidho bhedaH ||7||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/8

प्रकृतिभिस्ताभिस्ताभिर्भिद्यमानो द्विविधस्त्रिविधश्चतुर्विधः सप्तविधोऽष्टविधश्च शोथ उपलभ्यते, पुनश्चैक एवोत्सेधसामान्यात् ||८||

sanskrit

[Various types of shotha and cardinal sign] On the basis of causative factors and classifications from different views, swelling may be of two, three, four, seven or eight types Again, there is only one type with common sign of ‘swelling’.

english translation

prakRtibhistAbhistAbhirbhidyamAno dvividhastrividhazcaturvidhaH saptavidho'STavidhazca zotha upalabhyate, punazcaika evotsedhasAmAnyAt ||8||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/9

भवन्ति चात्र- शूयन्ते यस्य गात्राणि स्वपन्तीव रुजन्ति च| पीडितान्युन्नमन्त्याशु वातशोथं तमादिशेत् ||९||

sanskrit

[Brief description of specific features] Specific features of vata dominant swellings: In the case of vataja swelling, affected body parts are swollen, and there is a feeling of numbness, pain, the swelling rebounds immediately after releasing pressure (pitting edema).

english translation

bhavanti cAtra- zUyante yasya gAtrANi svapantIva rujanti ca| pIDitAnyunnamantyAzu vAtazothaM tamAdizet ||9||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/10

यश्चाप्यरुणवर्णाभः शोथो नक्तं प्रणश्यति| स्नेहोष्णमर्दनाभ्यां च प्रणश्येत् स च वातिकः ||१०||

sanskrit

It is reddish in color and subsides during night, by application of unctuous and hot massage.

english translation

yazcApyaruNavarNAbhaH zotho naktaM praNazyati| snehoSNamardanAbhyAM ca praNazyet sa ca vAtikaH ||10||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/6

निजाः पुनः स्नेहस्वेदवमनविरेचनास्थापनानुवासनशिरोविरेचनानामयथावत्प्रयोगान्मिथ्यासंसर्जनाद्वाछर्द्यलसकविसूचिकाश्वासकासातिसारशोषपाण्डुरोगोदरज्वरप्रदरभगन्दरार्शोविकारातिकर्शनैर्वा कुष्ठकण्डूपिडकादिभिर्वाछर्दिक्षवथूद्गारशुक्रवातमूत्रपुरीषवेगधारणैर्वा कर्मरोगोपवासाध्वकर्शितस्य वासहसाऽतिगुर्वम्ललवणपिष्टान्नफलशाकरागदधिहरितकमद्यमन्दकविरूढनवशूकशमीधान्यानूपौदक-पिशितोपयोगान्मृत्पङ्कलोष्टभक्षणाल्लवणातिभक्षणाद्गर्भसम्पीडनादामगर्भप्रपतनात् प्रजातानां चमिथ्योपचारादुदीर्णदोषत्वाच्च शोफाः प्रादुर्भवन्ति; इत्युक्तः सामान्यो हेतुः ||६||

sanskrit

[General causes of endogenous swellings] Nija shotha i.e. endogenous swelling could be caused due to any of the following factors: 1. Iatrogenic factors: Improper administration of snehana(oleation), swedana(sudation), vamana(therapeutic emesis), virechana(therapeutic purgation), asthapana basti (non-unctuous enema), anuvasana basti(unctuous enema), shirovirechana(nasal errhines) and/or samsarjana krama(dietetic regimen after purification therapy). 2. Complication of other diseases: It can also result as complication of chhardi (vomiting), alasaka (delayed and obstructive digestive process), visuchika (cholera), shwasa (dyspnoea), kasa (cough), atisara (diarrhea), shosha (tuberculosis or pthysis ), pandu roga (anemia), udara roga (abdominal diseases including ascitis), jwara (pyrexia), pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), bhagandara (fistula-in-ano), arsha (piles) excessive emaciation, skin disorders, worm infestation, pidika (boils) etc. 3. Lifestyle: It may be due to suppression of natural urges like vomiting, sneezing, belching, ejaculation, flatus, micturition, defecation, excessive weakness caused by therapeutic purification procedures, chronic diseases, fasting, and excessive walking. 4. Dietary factors: Excess intake of too heavy diet, sour, salty, preparations of rice flour/maida/pastry, fruits, vegetables, raga preparations or pickles, curd, green salads, wine, unfermented curd, sprouted and new corn and cereals, consumption of meat of animals in marshy places or of acquatic animals such as certain types of fish, eating clay or pieces of earthen pots or bricks, or eating excessive salt (resulting in swelling). 5. Ante-natal and post-natal factors: Due to excessive pressure of gravid uterus, abortion, pre mature delivery and improper follow up of puerperal regimen, doshas get aggravated and produce shotha.

english translation

nijAH punaH snehasvedavamanavirecanAsthApanAnuvAsanazirovirecanAnAmayathAvatprayogAnmithyAsaMsarjanAdvAchardyalasakavisUcikAzvAsakAsAtisArazoSapANDurogodarajvarapradarabhagandarArzovikArAtikarzanairvA kuSThakaNDUpiDakAdibhirvAchardikSavathUdgArazukravAtamUtrapurISavegadhAraNairvA karmarogopavAsAdhvakarzitasya vAsahasA'tigurvamlalavaNapiSTAnnaphalazAkarAgadadhiharitakamadyamandakavirUDhanavazUkazamIdhAnyAnUpaudaka-pizitopayogAnmRtpaGkaloSTabhakSaNAllavaNAtibhakSaNAdgarbhasampIDanAdAmagarbhaprapatanAt prajAtAnAM camithyopacArAdudIrNadoSatvAcca zophAH prAdurbhavanti; ityuktaH sAmAnyo hetuH ||6||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/7

अयं त्वत्र विशेषः- शीतरूक्षलघुविशदश्रमोपवासातिकर्शनक्षपणादिभिर्वायुः [१] प्रकुपितस्त्वङ्मांसशोणितादीन्यभिभूय शोफंजनयति; स क्षिप्रोत्थानप्रशमो भवति, तथा श्यामारुणवर्णः प्रकृतिवर्णो वा, चलः स्पन्दनः खरपरुषभिन्नत्वग्रोमा छिद्यत इवभिद्यत इव पीड्यत इव सूचीभिरिव तुद्यते पिपीलिकाभिरिव संसृप्यते सर्षपकल्कावलिप्त इव चिमिचिमायते सङ्कुच्यतआयम्यत इवेति वातशोथः (१); उष्णतीक्ष्णकटुकक्षारलवणाम्लाजीर्णभोजनैरग्न्यातपप्रतापैश्च पित्तं प्रकुपितं त्वङ्मांसशोणितान्यभिभूय शोथं जनयति; सक्षिप्रोत्थानप्रशमो भवति, कृष्णपीतनीलताम्रावभास उष्णो मृदुः कपिलताम्ररोमा उष्यते दूयते धूप्यते ऊष्मायते स्विद्यतेक्लिद्यते न च स्पर्शमुष्णं च सुषूयत इति पित्तशोथः (२); गुरुमधुरशीतस्निग्धैरतिस्वप्नाव्यायामादिभिश्च श्लेष्मा प्रकुपितस्त्वङ्मांसशोणितादीन्यभिभूय शोथं जनयति; सकृच्छ्रोत्थानप्रशमो भवति, पाण्डुश्वेतावभासो गुरुः स्निग्धः श्लक्ष्णः स्थिरः स्त्यानः शुक्लाग्ररोमा स्पर्शोष्णसहश्चेतिश्लेष्मशोथः (३); यथास्वकारणाकृतिसंसर्गाद्द्विदोषजास्त्रयः शोथा भवन्ति; यथास्वकारणाकृतिसन्निपातात् सान्निपातिक एकः; एवं [४]सप्तविधो भेदः ||७||

sanskrit

[Specific causes of swelling due to dosha dominance Swelling due to vata dominance] Vata gets vitiated due to excess intake of sheeta (cold things), ruksha (rough or low calorie), laghu (very light), vishada (non-slimy substance) diets, shrama (excessive exertion), upavasa (excessive fasting), ati-karshan (emaciation), and kshapana (wasting). This vitiated vata gets into and stays within twak (skin), mamsa dhatu(muscle tissue), along with rakta dhatu (blood) and produces shotha, i.e., swelling. This swelling increases as well as subsides quickly, black or reddish in color, fleeting, pulsating, with coarse skin, rough and broken hair. The person feels different types of pain sensation like chhidyati (excision), bhidyati (incision), suchibhiriva (piercing by needles/pricking), crawling of ants, irritation (as if pasted with mustard) and a feeling of contraction or expansion. These are some of the traits of swelling caused by vata. [1] [Swelling due to pitta dominance] Pitta is vitiated due to excessive intake of hot, irritant, pungent, alkaline, salt, sour food, taking food when ailing from indigestion, or due to excessive exposure to heat and sunlight. This gets into the skin, muscle tissue, or blood and produces swelling. It also increases and subsides quickly. The affected part becomes blackish, yellow, bluish, copper-tinged, hot, or soft with brown and coppery hair. It gives a burning sensation of various forms and could be hot, sweaty, and moist. The affected region could be tender to touch and very sensitive to heat. These are the traits of swelling due to pitta dosha. [2] [Swelling due to kapha dominance] Kapha is vitiated due to excessive use of heavy to digest, sweet, cold and unctuous food, excessive sleep, sedentary life, etc. Vitiated kapha inhabits the skin, muscle tissues, and blood, causing swelling. A kapha-induced swelling grows slowly and subsides with difficulty. Affected part becomes pale, whitish, heavy, unctuous, smooth, stable, thick, with white hair, tolerant of touch and heat This is the swelling caused due to kapha. [3] [Different types due to involvement of more than one dosha] Through the combination of the causes and symptoms of two dosha (dwidoshaja), three types of swelling occur. Similarly, a sannipatika shotha is caused by the combination of respective causes and symptoms of all three dosha. [4] Thus swelling is of seven types.

english translation

ayaM tvatra vizeSaH- zItarUkSalaghuvizadazramopavAsAtikarzanakSapaNAdibhirvAyuH [1] prakupitastvaGmAMsazoNitAdInyabhibhUya zophaMjanayati; sa kSiprotthAnaprazamo bhavati, tathA zyAmAruNavarNaH prakRtivarNo vA, calaH spandanaH kharaparuSabhinnatvagromA chidyata ivabhidyata iva pIDyata iva sUcIbhiriva tudyate pipIlikAbhiriva saMsRpyate sarSapakalkAvalipta iva cimicimAyate saGkucyataAyamyata iveti vAtazothaH (1); uSNatIkSNakaTukakSAralavaNAmlAjIrNabhojanairagnyAtapapratApaizca pittaM prakupitaM tvaGmAMsazoNitAnyabhibhUya zothaM janayati; sakSiprotthAnaprazamo bhavati, kRSNapItanIlatAmrAvabhAsa uSNo mRduH kapilatAmraromA uSyate dUyate dhUpyate USmAyate svidyateklidyate na ca sparzamuSNaM ca suSUyata iti pittazothaH (2); gurumadhurazItasnigdhairatisvapnAvyAyAmAdibhizca zleSmA prakupitastvaGmAMsazoNitAdInyabhibhUya zothaM janayati; sakRcchrotthAnaprazamo bhavati, pANDuzvetAvabhAso guruH snigdhaH zlakSNaH sthiraH styAnaH zuklAgraromA sparzoSNasahazcetizleSmazothaH (3); yathAsvakAraNAkRtisaMsargAddvidoSajAstrayaH zothA bhavanti; yathAsvakAraNAkRtisannipAtAt sAnnipAtika ekaH; evaM [4]saptavidho bhedaH ||7||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/8

प्रकृतिभिस्ताभिस्ताभिर्भिद्यमानो द्विविधस्त्रिविधश्चतुर्विधः सप्तविधोऽष्टविधश्च शोथ उपलभ्यते, पुनश्चैक एवोत्सेधसामान्यात् ||८||

sanskrit

[Various types of shotha and cardinal sign] On the basis of causative factors and classifications from different views, swelling may be of two, three, four, seven or eight types Again, there is only one type with common sign of ‘swelling’.

english translation

prakRtibhistAbhistAbhirbhidyamAno dvividhastrividhazcaturvidhaH saptavidho'STavidhazca zotha upalabhyate, punazcaika evotsedhasAmAnyAt ||8||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/9

भवन्ति चात्र- शूयन्ते यस्य गात्राणि स्वपन्तीव रुजन्ति च| पीडितान्युन्नमन्त्याशु वातशोथं तमादिशेत् ||९||

sanskrit

[Brief description of specific features] Specific features of vata dominant swellings: In the case of vataja swelling, affected body parts are swollen, and there is a feeling of numbness, pain, the swelling rebounds immediately after releasing pressure (pitting edema).

english translation

bhavanti cAtra- zUyante yasya gAtrANi svapantIva rujanti ca| pIDitAnyunnamantyAzu vAtazothaM tamAdizet ||9||

hk transliteration

siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/18/10

यश्चाप्यरुणवर्णाभः शोथो नक्तं प्रणश्यति| स्नेहोष्णमर्दनाभ्यां च प्रणश्येत् स च वातिकः ||१०||

sanskrit

It is reddish in color and subsides during night, by application of unctuous and hot massage.

english translation

yazcApyaruNavarNAbhaH zotho naktaM praNazyati| snehoSNamardanAbhyAM ca praNazyet sa ca vAtikaH ||10||

hk transliteration