Part of Kautilya’s classic Arthashastra (attributed to Chanakya/Kautilya, c. 4th century BCE), the Vyasanadhikarana (Concerning Vices and Calamities) diagnoses the moral and material ailments that topple polities. Written as a pragmatic manual of statecraft, it catalogues corruption, luxury, faction, dereliction of duty and social disorder, and treats natural and man-made calamities as interlinked symptoms. The chapter balances forensic analysis with remedies—surveillance, firm justice, administrative discipline, moral education and contingency measures—to restore order and resilience. Its enduring relevance lies in diagnosing why institutions fail and in offering a blend of preventive governance and practical remedies still resonant for modern debates on corruption, disaster management and ethical leadership.