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एवम् असाव् आह इत्य् अपदेशः ॥
Such statement, as „he says thus,‟ is a quotation.
english translation
"मन्त्रि परिषदं द्वादश अमात्यान् कुर्वीत इति मानवाः षोडश इति बार्हस्पत्याः विंशतिम् इत्य् औशनसाः यथा सामर्थ्यम् इति कौटिल्यः" इति ॥
for example: "The school of Manu say that a king should make his assembly of ministers consist of twelve ministers; the school of Brihaspati say that it should consist of sixteen ministers; the school of Usans say it should contain twenty members; but Kautilya holds that it should contain as many ministers as the need of the kingdom requires.”
english translation
उक्तेन साधनम् अतिदेशः ॥
When a rule dwelt upon in connection with a question is said to apply to another question also, it is termed application.
english translation
"दत्तस्य अप्रदानम् ऋण आदानेन व्याख्यातम्" इति ॥
for example: "What is said of a debt not repaid holds good with failure to make good a promised gift."
english translation
वक्तव्येन साधनं प्रदेशः ॥
Establishing a fact by what is to be treated of later on is „place of reference.
english translation